1. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter THE INVERTERS

2. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter DIGITAL GATES Fundamental Parameters l Functionality l Reliability, Robustness l Area l Performance »Speed (delay) »Power Consumption »Energy

3. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Noise in Digital Integrated Circuits

4. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter DC Operation: Voltage Transfer Characteristic

5. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Mapping between analog and digital signals

6. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Definition of Noise Margins

7. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter The Regenerative Property

8. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Fan-in and Fan-out

9. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter The Ideal Gate

10. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter VTC of Real Inverter

11. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Delay Definitions

12. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Ring Oscillator

13. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Power Dissipation

14. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter CMOS INVERTER

15. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter The CMOS Inverter: A First Glance

16. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter CMOS Inverters Polysilicon In Out Metal1 V DD GND PMOS NMOS 1.2  m =2

17. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Switch Model of CMOS Transistor

18. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter CMOS Inverter: Steady State Response

19. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter CMOS Inverter: Transient Response

20. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter CMOS Properties l Full rail-to-rail swing l Symmetrical VTC l Propagation delay function of load capacitance and resistance of transistors l No static power dissipation l Direct path current during switching

21. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Voltage Transfer Characteristic

22. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter PMOS Load Lines V DSp I Dp V GSp =-5 V GSp =-2 V DSp I Dn V in =0 V in =3 V out I Dn V in =0 V in =3 V in = V DD -V GSp I Dn = - I Dp V out = V DD -V DSp V out I Dn V in = V DD -V GSp I Dn = - I Dp V out = V DD -V DSp

23. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter CMOS Inverter Load Characteristics

24. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter CMOS Inverter VTC

25. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Simulated VTC

26. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Gate Switching Threshold

27. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter MOS Transistor Small Signal Model

28. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Determining V IH and V IL

29. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Propagation Delay

30. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter CMOS Inverter: Transient Response

31. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter CMOS Inverter Propagation Delay

32. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Computing the Capacitances

33. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter CMOS Inverters Polysilicon In Out Metal1 V DD GND PMOS NMOS 1.2  m =2

34. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter The Miller Effect

35. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Computing the Capacitances

36. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Impact of Rise Time on Delay

37. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Delay as a function of V DD

38. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Where Does Power Go in CMOS?

39. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Dynamic Power Dissipation Energy/transition = C L * V dd 2 Power = Energy/transition *f =C L * V dd 2 * f Need to reduce C L, V dd, andf to reduce power. VinVout C L Vdd Not a function of transistor sizes!

40. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Impact of Technology Scaling

41. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Technology Evolution

42. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Technology Scaling (1) Minimum Feature Size

43. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Technology Scaling (2) Number of components per chip

44. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Propagation Delay Scaling

45. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Technology Scaling Models

46. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Scaling Relationships for Long Channel Devices

47. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Scaling of Short Channel Devices

48. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter BIPOLAR INVERTERS

49. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Resistor-Transistor Logic

50. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter VTC of RTL Inverter VOH is function of fan-out

51. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Transient Response of RTL Inverter

52. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter The ECL Gate at a Glance Core of gate: The differential pair or “current switch”

53. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Single-ended versus Differential Logic DifferentialSingle-ended

54. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Complete ECL Gate Emitter-follower output driver

55. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter The Bias Network Issues: Temperature variations Device variations

56. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Photomicrograph of early ECL Gate (1967)

57. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter ECL VTC

58. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter ECL VTC V swing = I EE R C

59. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Simulated VTC of ECL Gate

60. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter ECL Gate with Single Fan-out

61. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Simulated Collector Currents of Differential Pair

62. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Propagation Delay of ECL Gate

63. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Simulated Transient Response of ECL Inverter

64. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Propagation Delay as a Function of Bias Current

65. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter ECL Power Dissipation

66. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Scaling Model for Bipolar Inverter

67. Digital Integrated Circuits© Prentice Hall 1995 Inverter Bipolar Scaling