2. Historical Influences – Learning (continued) Lecture 3

3. Pavlov Pavlov set out to discover how learning occurred (empirical) INVOLVES LEARNING WHAT EVENTS IN ENVIRONMENT “GO TOGETHER” IS LEARNING OF “ASSOCIATIONS” LEARNED BY HAVING EVENTS PAIRED WITH ONE ANOTHER E1  E2 or S  S learning (NS  UCS)

4. Pavlov CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IN ACTION (A RELEVANT COLLEGE EXAMPLE) What would happen to your emotions right now if I were to say the following: BLUE BOOKS! POP QUIZ! FINAL EXAM! TAX AUDIT! Why do we respond this way?

5. Use Classical Conditioning to explain behavior: Scenarios (group discussions) 1. Sound of drill, dentist visit 2. Hospital smell, visiting the hospital 3. Round band aids, visiting the doctor 4. Examples of Second order conditioning & Counter conditioning Neutral Stimulus (NS) Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR)

6. Pavlovian Conditioning Just Reflexes? Does this work in Humans? Does classical conditioning go beyond basic responses?

7. Founder of Behaviorism: Only study behavior…not concerned with the mind…focus on relationship between environment and behavior

8. "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well- formed, and my own specialized world to bring them up in, and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant chief and yes, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and race of his ancestors.”

9. VH1 “Behind the Science” -Born South Carolina -Wild & impulsive -Trouble with law -16 yrs – to college -21 yrs – masters -Supported himself totally through college -4 th year turned in a paper back to front – “F” -Grad school – Univ. of Chicago -Ph.D. in 3 years -1907 offered position - Johns Hopkins $2500 -1915 APA President (37 yrs) “Little Albert” – first CC in humans

10. “Little Albert” - “Little Hans” – White horses with black mouth - Father sent letters to Freud - “proud, very white, trotted away” - Dad away boy slept with Mom  Oedipus Complex - Displacement (unconscious conflict) “Analysis of a Phobia in a Five Year Old Boy” S. Freud (1909) - Watson…I don’t think so! – Phobia due to conditioning - Watson set out to show for the first time emotion could undergo classical conditioning

11. Little Albert B. Emotionally and physically healthy 9-month old male raised in a hospital environment “No one had ever seen him in a state of fear and rage. The infant practically never cried… His stability was one of the principle reasons for using him as a subject in this test. We felt that we could do him relatively little harm by carrying out such experiments.”

12. Little Albert B. Actual conditioning started at 11-months Albert was conditioned to cry (fear) a rat “The instant the rat was shown the baby began to cry. Almost instantly he turned sharply to the left, fell over on left side, raised himself on all fours and began to crawl away so rapidly that he was caught with difficulty before reaching the edge of the table.”

13. “Little Albert” 9 mo old boy Watson & Rosalie Rayner UCS: Sound of steel bar & hammer = UCR: crying NS: RAT 1. 2 trials with NS + UCS = CRY (“Fretted”) 2. 2 days later CS alone = no touch 3. 5 more trials of CS+UCS 4. 8 th trial …bingo… CS  CRY

15. Conditioned Emotional REACTIONS! What the?

16. Watson & Rosalie Rayner (1920) Generalized: responding to a stimulus as a result of training with another stimulus (5 days later) - Rabbit - Dog - Seal Coat - Santa Claus (beard) “transfer or spread” “Little Albert”

17. Anybody have issues with his experiment… Watson Methodology? Ethics? Data?

18. One of the First American Psychologist to apply Pavlov’s work to humans (emotions) Brought the study of behavior (Psych) into a more “scientific” and observable discipline Little Albert in every Psych Textbook Convinced other Psychologist that there was an alternative to Freudian Psychoanalysis Neurotic symptoms (Phobias could be controlled via CC)…Major applied significance Watson’s Contributions

19. Contributions to Psychology Generalization of fears Showed that emotions can be learned

20. VH1 “Behind the Science” John B. Watson Physiological Aspects of Sexual Arousal Attach electrode on subjects during sex Wife – “NO” RA – “YES” Resigned from Johns Hopkins

21. Never Published again…Private Industry

22. Real-Life Examples of Classical Conditioning -Child sleeps on a pad (a wire mesh that is connected to a bell - has been sewn) - Child wets the bed  electrical circuit causes bell to ring (UCS) -Child wakes up (UCR) After several repetitions of this cycle (bed-wetting causes him to be awakened by the bell), the child begins to associate the sensation of pressure in his bladder (a previously neutral stimulus) with waking up -In a short time, the need to urinate (now a CS) becomes sufficient in itself to awaken the child (now a CR) so he or she can get up and go to the bathroom - no need for PAD with Bell Mowrer & Mowrer (1938) Treatment for enuresis (bed-wetting)

23. Real-Life Examples of Classical Conditioning Coyotes killing sheep – problem to sheep farmers Study conditioned coyotes not to eat the sheep Sheep meat (CS) sprinkled with a chemical (UCS) that would produce a stomachache (UCR) After coyotes ate the treated meat, they avoided the live sheep (CR) This humane application of conditioned taste aversion might be used to control other predators as well Gustavson and Gustavson (1985) – Conditioned Taste Aversion

24. Real-Life Examples of Classical Conditioning Injected Guinea Pigs with Foreign agents (non lethal)  antibodies  boost their immune system Then paired injections with Lights Lights + Injections = better immunity Lights alone = better immunity Later Injected Cholera: animals with prior conditioning better survival vs controls with no conditioning Metalmikov & Chorine (1926, 1928) – Immune System

25. In A Clockwork Orange, a brutal sociopath, a mass murderer, is strapped to a chair and forced to watch violent movies while he is injected with a drug that nauseates him. So he sits and gags and retches as he watches the movies. After hundreds of repetitions of this, he associates violence with nausea, and it limits his ability to be violent.

26. Real-Life Examples of Classical Conditioning Drug Tolerance -- Drug Overdose drug users become increasingly less responsive to the effects of the drug tolerance is specific to specific environments (e.g. bedroom) familiar environment becomes associated with a compensatory response (Physiology) taking drug in unfamiliar environment leads to lack of tolerance  drug overdose