1. MENDELIAN GENETICS

2.  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION PRODUCES WHAT KIND OF OFFSPRING?  IDENTICAL  SEXUAL REPRODUCTION PRODUCES WHAT KIND OF OFFSPRING?  SIMILAR, BUT DIFFERENT  HOW COME THE OFFSPRING ARE SIMILAR?  MEIOTIC CELL DIVISION AND THE FUSION OF GAMETES

3. MENDELIAN GENETICS  IF EACH PARENT IS DONATING GENETIC INFO WHEN THE GAMETES FUSE, WHICH GENETIC INFO IS THE ONE THAT DETERMINES THE TRAITS?  THE STUDY OF THIS QUESTION, HOW TRAITS ARE INHERITED AND EXPRESSED IS REFERRED TO AS:  GENETICS!!!!

4. MENDELIAN GENETICS  GENETICS… I AM YOUR FATHER!!!  MENDEL IS CONSIDERED THE FATHER OF GENETICS FOR HIS INITIAL WORK IN THE FIELD

5. MENDELIAN GENETICS MENDEL’S WORK FOCUSED ON PEA PLANTS, AND THE DIFFERENT TRAITS THEY DISPLAYED

6. MENDELIAN GENETICS  MENDEL WAS VERY LUCKY THAT HE CHOSE PEA PLANTS, BECAUSE THEY HAPPEN TO HAVE EXTREMELY SIMPLE PATTERN OF INHERITANCE  THIS WOULD THEN TRANSLATE TO A MORE COMPLEX UNDERSTANDING, THAT MAY NOT HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE IF HE USED A MORE COMPLICATED ORGANISM

7. MENDELIAN GENETICS  WHAT DID MENDEL FIND OUT?  THE LAW OF DOMINANCE  WHEN TWO PURE-BRED PLANTS OF DIFFERENT TRAITS WERE MIXED, ONLY ONE OF THOSE TRAITS IS DISPLAYED IN THE OFFSPRING  THE DISPLAYED TRAIT IS CALLED DOMINANT, THE NON-DISPLAYED IS CALL RECESSIVE

8. MENDELIAN GENETICS  WHAT DID MENDEL FIND OUT?  THE LAW OF SEGREGATION  WHEN THE RECESSIVE TRAIT “DISAPPEARS”, IT DOESN’T ACTUALLY “DISAPPEAR”; INSTEAD IT IS HIDDEN BUT STILL HAS THE ABILITY TO END UP IN FUTURE OFFSPRING  TRAITS ARE CONTROLLED BY FACTORS THAT EXIST IN PAIRS, THOSE PAIRS CAN SEPARATE (SEGREGATE) DURING GAMETE FORMATION AND RECOMBINE DURING FERTILIZATION

9. MENDELIAN GENETICS  WHAT MENDEL DIDN’T KNOW  CHROMOSOMES!! THEY WEREN’T DISCOVERED YET…SO IT WASN’T UNTIL MANY YEARS LATER THAT SCIENTISTS FIGURED OUT THE: GENE-CHROMOSOME THEORY  THINK ABOUT THE LAW OF SEGREGATION…WHERE HAVE WE SEEN/DISCUSSED SOMETHING TO DO WITH THE SEPARATION OF PAIRS?  MEIOSIS  CHROMOSOMES ARE WHERE THESE “FACTORS” THAT MENDEL LABELED EXIST…WE NOW CALL THEM GENES !!!

10. MENDELIAN GENETICS  GENE-CHROMOSOME THEORY

11. MENDELIAN GENETICS  SO WHAT IS A GENE EXACTLY?  A SPECIFIC SEGMENT OF A CHROMOSOME, OR PIECE OF DNA, THAT CONTROLS A PARTICULAR TRAIT

12. MENDELIAN GENETICS  HOW DO WE DISTINGUISH GENES THAT ARE FOR THE SAME TRAIT, BUT HAVE DIFFERENT INFORMATION…LIKE TALL VS SHORT IN THE PEA PLANT?  ALLELES  DIFFERENT COPIES OR FORMS OF A GENE CONTROLLING A CERTAIN TRAIT  EVERY PERSON HAS 2 ALLELES FOR EACH TRAIT, ANYONE KNOW WHY?  BECAUSE EVERY PERSON HAS 2 CHROMOSOMES THAT EXIST IN PAIRS

13. MENDELIAN GENETICS  BECAUSE EVERYONE HAS TWO ALLELES WE CAN DESCRIBE PEOPLE HAS EITHER HOMOZYGOUS OR HETEROZYGOUS

14. MENDELIAN GENETICS  WHEN WE REFER TO SOMEONE AS HOMOZYGOUS OR HETEROZYGOUS, WE ARE SIMPLY REFERRING TO THEIR GENETIC (ALLELIC) MAKEUP…HOWEVER, WE USUALLY JUST LOOK AT WHAT PEOPLE LOOK LIKE AND DON’T CONSIDER THEIR GENES…SO WE DESCRIBE PEOPLE BOTH GENETICALLY AND PHYSICALLY, OR GENOTYPE VS PHENOTYPE

15. MENDELIAN GENETICS

16.  KNOWING ABOUT GENOTYPES AND PHENOTYPES, AND KNOWING ABOUT MENDEL’S LAWS ALLOWS US TO MAKE PREDICTIONS ABOUT WHAT OFFSPRING WILL LOOK LIKE  PUNNETT SQUARES  ORGANIZED/HELPFUL WAY TO SHOW THE RESULTS OF ANY CROSS BETWEEN TWO PARENTS AND THE POSSIBLE GENETIC COMBINATIONS OF THEIR OFFSPRING

17. MENDELIAN GENETICS  PUNNETT SQUARE PRACTICE PUNNETT SQUARE PRACTICE  QUESTION:  A BROWN-EYED COUPLE, BOTH HETEROZYGOUS FOR EYE COLOR (Bb), HAVE THREE BROWN-EYED CHILDREN AND ARE EXPECTING A FOURTH CHILD. THE MOTHER INSISTS THAT THE CHILD SHE IS CARRYING WILL HAVE BLUE EYES…IS SHE RIGHT?

18. MENDELIAN GENETICS  PUNNETT SQUARES HAVE USEFULNESS IN GENETICS…SPECIFICALLY, THE TEST CROSS

19. MENDELIAN GENETICS  OTHER CONCEPTS IN GENETICS (I.E. STUFF MENDEL HAD NO CLUE ABOUT)  THE LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT  INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE  CODOMINANCE  MULTIPLE ALLELES

20. MENDELIAN GENETICS  THE LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT  EXPLAINS HOW MORE THAN ONE TRAIT AT A TIME IS PASSED ON (DIHYBRID CROSSES)

21. MENDELIAN GENETICS  THE LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT  DIHYBRID CROSSES PRODUCE SPECIFIC PHENOTYPIC RATIOS

22. MENDELIAN GENETICS  INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE (A.K.A. BLENDED INHERITANCE)

23. MENDELIAN GENETICS  CODOMINANCE

24. MENDELIAN GENETICS  MULTIPLE ALLELES  WHAT IS AN ALLELE?  THE DIFFERENT FORMS THAT A TRAIT CAN EXIST AS (EXAMPLE, TALL ALLELE VS. SHORT ALLELE)  THERE IS NO RULE THAT THERE CAN ONLY BE TWO ALLELES, WHEN THEY ARE MORE THAN TWO ALLELES THIS IS FOLLOWS THE INHERITANCE PATTERN REFERRED TO AS MULTIPLE ALLELES

25. MENDELIAN GENETICS  MULTIPLE ALLELES

26. MENDELIAN GENETICS  MENDELS WORK, AND INHERITANCE, FOCUSED ON SEEING TRAITS ON THE OUTSIDE…BUT WHAT IS GOING ON INSIDE THE BODY/CELLS THAT IS CONTROLLING ALL THIS STUFF TO BEGIN WITH?  MODERN GENETICS NEXT!!!!