1. Ecodesign of EuP: Lot 2 Consultation Forum Water Heaters
Boiler- & WH labelling and European directive EuP
Water Heaters
Consultation Forum
Brussels, 8 July 2008
Matthew Kestner
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Directorate-general for Energy and Transport
Unit D3, Energy Efficiency 1 1 1

2. Content Introduction 2. Water Heaters 2.2 Labelling scale
2.1 Ecodesign and EPBD Minimum Efficiency Limits
2.2 Labelling scale
EPBD – Partial Harmonization
Size Limits
EPBD other elements
Conformity assessment
Verification Procedure
2.8 Annex IV – Climate variation
Emissions/ Nox
2.10 Other Definitions/Scope/ Benchmarks
2.11 Other Water Heaters 2 2 2

3. Index
Part 1.
Introduction 3 3 3

4. Boilers and water heaters almost ¼
EU-15 Greenhouse gas [CO2] emissions
Carbon [CO2 eq] emissions EU15 in 2005
CH boilers
10%
17%
Road transport
Water heating 6%
24%
Boilers and water heaters almost ¼
26%
Other electric EuP
incl. power generation losses
Industrial
other fossil fuel use
incl. refineries
17%
[Total 3357 Mt CO2 eq, ] 4 4 4

5. Heating highest energy use!
Road transport, inner circle: cars ca. 60%
CH Boilers (space heating function only)‏
Water Heaters (incl. boiler water heating)‏
Other EuP (dotted= scope future studies)‏
Outside EuP-directive scope
In EuP-scope
Heating highest energy use!
Impact corresponds
to circle surface [PJ] 5 5 5

6. EU legislation lags behind (Water Heater)‏
Minimum energy efficiency standards for water heaters:
= YES
= NO
EU to be in front 6 6 6

7. CO2 eq. emissions Water Heaters
194
227
245
Business as Usual (BAU)‏
29%
10%
223
174
Realistic scenario
High saving potential !
1990
2010
2020
2025
EU25-emission water heaters in Mt CO2/a 7 7 7

8. Urgency: 2020 ! EuP boilers and water heaters  >25% of the target
-20%
EU target 20/20/20 vs. 1990
EuP boilers and water heaters  >25% of the target
EuP + EPB* space & water heat 40-50% of the target
carbon
-20%
energy
2020
target year
Act Now !! 8 8 8

9. Targets Proposed measures are:
A good investment – cost effective savings
2020 Savings
60 MT CO² by 2020
1-2% of EU Energy Demand
Essential to overall 2020 targets 9 9 9

10. Pan-European Synergy Opportunities
Physics is universal  Best Practice For All
EU-Single Market  Mass-production and mass-application of high efficiency solutions
EU climate differences don’t stand in the way: 10 10 10

11. EU climate EU climate (weighted average Oct.-Apr). 11
-0,5 3
EU climate
Heating season temperature &
Solar annual
EU climate (weighted average Oct.-Apr).
1,9 3
0,3 3 EE
0,9 3
7,6 3 LT
3,9 3 LI
0,5 3
7,6 3
6,5 3
4,3 3 3
6,7
2,4 3 3
7,4 3
5,6 3
3,6 3
4,5 3
4,6 3 3
6,9
4,6 3
5,6 3 5
9,9
3,8 4
13,5
5,3 3 5
11,3 4
12,9 4 3
Avg. hor. solar irradiance kWh/m2/d
ECODESIGN OF EUP, Lot 1 & 2, BRUSSELS, 11 11
13,5
Avg. outdoor temperature Oct.-Apr. oC
14,4 5
14,8 5 11

12. Case for Harmonization
Product may come in several boxes, (Water Heater, solar panels etc.). But each box is a mass produced product.
Usual advantages of single market and harmonization apply.
National implementation will lead to 30+ varying requirements, and limited response from manufacturers. 12 12 12

13. Choice of implementation methods
Labelling and Information
2. Ecodesign – Minimum Efficiency Standards
3. Installation Requirements (EPBD)‏
4. Subsidies, Tax rebates etc. 13 13 13

14. Urgency: 2020 ! EuP boilers and water heaters  >25% of the target
-20%
EU target 20/20/20 vs. 1990
EuP boilers and water heaters  >25% of the target
EuP + EPB* space & water heat 40-50% of the target
carbon
-20%
energy
2020
target year
Act Now !! 14 14 14

15. Index
Part 2.
Water Heaters 15 15 15

16. 2.1 Eco Design Requirements Water Heaters
Rating on basis of how
Energy efficiency of supplying relevant volume of hot water (tapping pattern) in an average EU building
Model to correct difference between measurement methods, and to allow for (some) distribution losses. 16 16 16

17. 2.1 Eco Design and EPBD Requirements ‘Water Heaters
Use of Renewables in electric Water Heaters
Cost effective (LLCC) from size M, but not S (so in middle of mass market)
Available technology (but only small scale production)‏
Technically difficult/expensive to install (in some buildings)‏
MS to manage their Market Transformation,
But need for mass production/harmonization 17 17 17

18. Load profiles water heating
Kitchen tappings (oC)‏
Shower
Bath
Bath+shower (simult.)‏
55ºC
477
239
119 84 69 27 10 6 2
max.single tap (l)‏ 96 48 16 5 4
max.flow (l/min, 60ºC)‏
4XL
3XL
XXL XL L M S XS
XXS
20555
10277
5355
4187
2562
1285
465
461
Qload in kWh/a
8x’M’
16x’M’
55ºC
35ºC
40ºC
Derived from prEN “electric storage” and EN /3 “gas/solar 18 18 18

19. 2.1 Eco Design and EPBD Requirements ‘Water Heaters
Efficiency Limits
WD1 (February)‏
Limits in Ecodesign (minor exceptions in EPBD)‏
WD2/3 (February)‏
Ecodesign Limits
best electric resistance heaters
Renewables (electric) for largest Water Heaters (XXL -4XL)‏
EPBD Limits – Requires renewables
(but exceptions when not cost effective)‏ 19 19 19

20. 2.1 Eco Design and EPBD Requirements ‘Water Heaters
Minimum ‘Specific Efficiency’ (from Model)‏ 40 37 36 32
8 July WD 2/3 44 41 38 31 26 23 18 17 16
29 Feb WD 1
4XL
3XL
XXL XL L M S XS
XXS
2011 20 20 20

21. 2.1 Eco Design and EPBD Requirements ‘Water Heaters
Minimum ‘Specific Efficiency’
(from Model)‏ 50 46 39
New buildings
8 July WD 3 45 38
All'
8 July WD 2
EPBD 64 60 40 37 36 32
8 July WD 2/3 92 74 68 58 44 30 27 24
29 Feb WD 1
Ecodesign
4XL
3XL
XXL XL L M S XS
XXS
2013 21 21 21

22. 2.1 Eco Design and EPBD Requirements ‘Water Heaters
Minimum ‘Speific Efficiency’ (from Model)‏ 62 56 45 35
new build 86 80 72 50 46 39
All
8 July WD 3 60 55 41 34
8 July WD 2
EPBD 64 40 37 36 32
8 July WD 2/3 92 74 68 58 44 30 27 24
29 Feb WD 1
Ecodesign
2015 22 22 22

23. 2.2 Water Heater Energy Label Classes28 27 20 17 F 32 30 23 E 36 34 33 26 D
2011 Limit 40 37 29 C
2013 limit EPBD (New Build)‏ 64 60 50 46 39 B
2015 EPBD (New Build)‏ 86 80 72 62 56 45 35 A 96 84 76 68 54 38 A+
120
110
104 92 82 66 55 53 44
A++
BAT
150
140
124
112 98 61
A+++
4XL
3XL
XXL XL L M S XS
XXS 23 23 23

24. 2.3 Water Heater – National Installation Limits
Partial Harmonization
Member States
To ensure appropriate sizing
Free to set higher installation limits – but should correspond to labelling limits
Thus - For any installation building owner should be given a choice of installing water heaters that correspond to certain labelling efficiency/size classes.
Free to set their own system elements not in water heater (e.g.insulation of distribution pipes)‏ 24 24 24

25. 2.3 Water Heater – National Installation Limits
House 2
House 1 28 27 20 17 F 32 30 23 E 36 34 33 26 D
2011 Limit 40 37 29 C
2013 limit 64 60 50 46 39 B 86 80 72 62 56 45 35 A 96 84 76 68 54 38 A+
120
110
104 92 82 66 55 53 44
A++
BAT
150
140
124
112 98 61
A+++
4XL
3XL
XXL XL L M S XS
XXS 25 25 25

26. 2.4 Water Heater– size Limits
Need for size limits
Requirements get stricter for larger sizes – incentive to install ‘supersized M’ when XL is needed (particularly important. But
Water demand varies over time, meeting standard tapping cycle will give to little hot water on some days.
Limits imposed by
Member States ensuring ‘appropriate sizing’
Limit on size of water heater in terms of volume (XXS- S)‏
Limit on ability to perform higher tapping cycles (2 size categories)‏ 26 26 26

27. 2.5 Water Heater EPBD– Other possible elements
Member States should
Centralized/Decentralized
Should set rules relating to the choice between centralized and decentralized hot water systems.
Building Certificates/Water heater inspection etc.
Should include information on the savings from replacing existing water heater with one with efficiency at
Class A
Minimum level allowed 27 27 27

28. 2.6 Water Heater – conformity Assessment
Elements
New Modules recently adopted.
Large potential savings – need for greater security of results (so Notified bodies, osule A2 etc.)‏
‘New products’ need for stricter assessment.
Possible requirement: Sizes
XXS-XS - Module A
S – L - A2 or Notified body(B+C)‏
XL -4XL - Notified body(B+C)‏
Not using ‘harmonized standard’ – Notified body
Impact assessment Study to look into details 28 28 28

29. 2.7 Water Heater Verification Procedure
As previously discussed
Limits under Ecodesign Requirements or Energy Labelling threshold- Maximum values.
Other information (for example the data input defined in Annex IV) margin for production variation of (say) ± [7%].
To be replaced by ‘harmonized methods’ – when developed 29 29 29

30. 2.7 Water Heater Verification Procedure
Test protocol
Test 1 model, if test result exceeds limit, then
Test 3 further models
There shall be no need to re-test the value of all parameters in the second set of tests, only those that exceed maximum value for the first unit. 30 30 30

31. 2.7 Water Heater Verification Procedure
Proof of Failure
Ecodesign requirements and Energy Labelling Thresholds
Test values for the first unit, and average test values for the second set of tests, exceed the limit by
Water Heater 4%
NOx emissions 4% OR
An analysis based on the test error of the relevant test house for the test(s) in question that shows that the probability a correctly declared model, could have had the test results, or worse, is very low. 31 31 31

32. 2.7 Water Heater Verification Procedure
Proof of Failure
Declared values
Test values for the first unit, and average test values for the second set of tests, differ from declared value by more than [7%] 32 32 32

33. 2.7 Water Heater Verification Comments
4% to low for
Small tapping cycles
Nox (at 20 ppm)‏
New standards 33 33 33

34. See separate presentation
2.8 Water Heater - Annex IV
See separate presentation 34 34 34

35. 2.8 Water Heater - Annex IV – Climate variation
Adjustment for climate differences implies barriers to trade
same product has different rating depending on where installed.
Danger of 'Best' driving out the ‘Good’ if
optimizing for small climate differences(e.g. of 5%) takes precedence over
designing better products (Energy rating bandwidth 15%)‏ 35 35 35

36. 2.8 Water Heater - Annex IV – Climate variation
Annex IV base on average EU climate
For constant hot Water Load for most products climate variations make only small differences.
(NB household with same water demand will need bigger water heater in Finland (cold water 5°C) than in Italy (cold water 15°C)‏ 36 36 36

37. 2.8 Water Heater - Annex IV – Climate variation
Possible products with 'large' variation:
outside air based heat pumps, in 'Artic' areas temperatures often below 0-5°C, and
Solar systems, which will work better in 'Tropical' areas where solar flux is significantly higher (5 kWh/day m² rather than 3 kWh/day m²).
High quality solar systems (e.g. with vacuum insulated collectors) will already work well in areas with the lower level of solar flux. 37 37 37

38. EU climate EU climate (weighted average Oct.-Apr). 38
-0,5 3
EU climate
Heating season temperature &
Solar annual
EU climate (weighted average Oct.-Apr).
1,9 3
0,3 3 EE
0,9 3
7,6 3 LT
3,9 3 LI
0,5 3
7,6 3
6,5 3
4,3 3 3
6,7
2,4 3 3
7,4 3
5,6 3
3,6 3
4,5 3
4,6 3 3
6,9
4,6 3
5,6 3 5
9,9
3,8 4
13,5
5,3 3 5
11,3 4
12,9 4 3
Avg. hor. solar irradiance kWh/m2/d
ECODESIGN OF EUP, Lot 1 & 2, BRUSSELS, 38 38
13,5
Avg. outdoor temperature Oct.-Apr. oC
14,4 5
14,8 5 38

39. < 15%/Labelling Bandwidth - Use ‘Standard’ rating
2.8 Water Heater - Annex IV – Climate variation
Possible strategy
Difference between ‘Standard’ and ‘Artic’ and/or ‘Tropical’ rating
< 15%/Labelling Bandwidth - Use ‘Standard’ rating
> 15%/Labelling Bandwidth - then
'Artic' and or 'Tropical' rating may be used
(in Ecodesign,energy Labelling, EPBD Installation requirements)‏ 39 39 39

40. 2.8 Water Heater Climate variation - comments
EHI .No climate zones in Ecodesing, acceptabel if needed in
NGOs should allow for climate differences 40 40 40

41. 2.8 Water Heater Heat Pump
EHI .GWP condition on heat pumps should be dropped
NGOs Should have more complete treatment of GWP of Heat Pump fluid. 41 41 41

42. 2.9 Water Heater - Emissions
Significant Emissions in use phase of
NOx
ii) CO
iii) Hydrocarbons
iv) Particulates
But
measurement methods unrealistic (steady state)‏
need to develop dynamic measurement methods.
apart from NOx – see separate slides 42 42 42

43. 2.9 Water Heater - Emissions
NGOs should include Methane But measurement problems 43 43 43

44. 2.10 Water Heater - Scope As before
All Electric, Gas, Oil Water Heaters (inc Solar Heat Pump)‏
(Combis, Hot Water Cylinders – willl be dealt with in further Working documents.)‏
Not (yet) covered in annex IV
Micro CHP, CO² heat pump, etc.
These ‘new’ products to be included when
Harmonized standard adopted, or
Amendment to annex IV
Then transition period (12 months)‏ 44 44 44

45. 2.10 Water Heater - Scope NGOs should WH using waste water
OK when measurement methods developed. 45 45 45

46. 2.10 Water Heater - Benchmarks
As before
Energy efficiency
XXS-S A++
S-4XL A+++
NOx Emissions
less than 20ppm
NGOs Should add benchmarks for
GWP (HP fluid refrigerant)‏
Methane leakage 46 46 46

47. Index
Thank you ! 47 47 47