1. Video: min. Theories, Models, and Conceptual Frameworks in Quantitative and Qualitative Research

2. Definition of Theory “A theory is simply one's understanding of how something works” (Shoemaker, Tankard, & Lasorsa, 2004) “Theories and conceptual frameworks are developed to account for or describe abstract phenomena that occur under similar circumstances” (Rudestam & Newton, 1992).

3. Theories and Models Shoemaker, P. J., Tankard, Jr., J. W., & Lasorsa, D. L. (2004). How to build social science theories. doi:10.4135/9781412990110 Lasswell’s Model of Communication:

4. Grounded theory Conversation analysis Interviews Counseling interaction Everyday knowledge Identify principals of in a specific field formal interaction Substantial theory Formal model of counseling interactions Differences in the Approaches and Aims

5. Conceptual Frameworks and Conceptual Maps Lesham, S., & Trafford, V. (2007). Overlooking the conceptual framework. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 44(1); 93-105.

6. Theory in the Subheading

7. Locating the Theoretical Base

8. Finding Terms like Theoretical Base

9. Social choice theory Locating Theories in the Social Sciences Adult learning theory Diffusion of innovation theory Theory of cognitive development Sense-making decision theory Transactional distance theory Self efficacy theory Conversation theory ???? ?????? Leadership theories? Transformational leadership theory Theory of relativity

10. Discipline-Specific Databases Business, management, leadership, organizational behavior – ABI/Inform, Business Source Complete, Emerald Computers and technology – ACM, IEEE, ScienceDirect Education – ERIC Medicine – Medline Nursing and allied health -- CINAHL Psychology – PsycINFO Speech language pathology – Linguistics and Language Behavior

11. Quantitative : Qualitative: Deductive Inductive Starts with a theory Gathers empirical evidence Tests the theory Explores a topic Gathers empirical Develops/builds evidence a theory The Role of Theories in Quantitative Research Wolcott, H. F. (2009). Writing up qualitative research (3rd ed.). doi:10.4135/9781452234878

12. Experiment This practice-based research was conducted in an early childhood education setting with four classrooms of kindergarten students, including students with special needs and English language learners, in a vocabulary acquisition experiment. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Theoretical Framework

13. Quantitative : Qualitative: Deductive Inductive Starts with a theory Gathers empirical evidence Tests the theory Explores a topic Gathers empirical Develops/builds evidence a theory The Role of Theories in Qualitative Research Wolcott, H. F. (2009). Writing up qualitative research (3rd ed.). doi:10.4135/9781452234878

14. Theories at the End of Qualitative Studies This case study “explores theoretical and pedagogical implications of space, language, and power in renegotiating Identity for immigrant English Language Learners (ELLs) in secondary schools in the United States.” Chapter 7 CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS Part I: Implications for Theory – Redefining Third Spaces

15. Phenomenological Study: Based on Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological System Theory The purpose of this phenomenological study was to investigate a lack of parental involvement and, particularly, teachers and parents' perceptions of barriers to parental involvement in an alternative high school.. … Bronfenbrenner's ecological system theory was used as the conceptual framework for the study. Section 1: Introduction to the Study. Conceptual Framework

16. Develop a theory from empirical material and from analyzing it. Grounded Theory

17. The researcher described, analyzed, and interpreted the data to develop a mid-range grounded theory for explaining the process of teacher reflection in a way that could lead to the improvement of teacher reflection among these teachers as an integrated function of professional development. Chapter 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS A Grounded Theory of Reflection for Professional Seminary Teachers in S&I............................................................................................................

18. Example of a Grounded Theory Study The current study examined the perspectives of Mexican mothers, their adolescents, and sex educators o n school-based sex education. Data was collected using a series of qualitative interviews and was analyzed using grounded theory. Chapter 2 Review of the Related Literature Theoretical Background

19. No Theory Studies that simply explore phenomena rather than development of theories. NOTE: “The case can be made that no qualitative study begins from pure observation and that prior conceptual structure and method provides the starting point for all observations” (Creswell, 2009). Studies that take a-theoretical or anti- theoretical positions.

20. No Theory Studies that simply explore phenomena rather than development of theories. NOTE: “The case can be made that no qualitative study begins from pure observation and that prior conceptual structure and method provides the starting point for all observations” (Creswell, 2009). Studies that take a-theoretical or anti- theoretical positions.

21. Atheoretical Studies Perceived competence has consistently been found to significantly predict favorable teacher attitudes toward the inclusion of students with disabilities in general physical education (GPE) (Hodge, 1998; Kowalski & Rizzo, 1996; Rizzo & Kirkendall, 1995; Rizzo & Vispoel, 1991). Past studies, however, have been mainly atheoretical, measuring perceived competence by the use of one general question. at

22. Phenomenologists try to discover the objective and subjective reality of the phenomena being studied without having the explicit objective of developing theory. Theories in Phenomenology

24. Sage Research Methods Online

25. Arriving at Theoretical Concepts Hahn, C. (2008). Doing qualitative research using your computer. doi:10.4135/9780857024411

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