1. Predicting Urban Growth on the Atlantic Coast Using an Integrative Spatial Modeling Approach Jeffery S. Allen and Kang Shou Lu Clemson University Strom Thurmond Institute Coastal Community Workshop, April 20, 2006, Conway, SC

3. Population density map for North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia # of People Per Square Mile* > 800 400 - 800 200 - 400 100 - 200 0 - 100 * 1999 population estimates by CACI International, Inc. based on 1990 US Census

4. Population in the Coastal Counties of South Carolina & Georgia

5. Percent Change in Population in the Coastal Counties of South Carolina & Georgia

6. Source: (London and Hill, 2000) -- USDA, US Census Bureau and Jim Self Center on the Future, Clemson University.

7. Total Acres of Land Conversion by State, 1992-1997 (thousand acres) RankSTATEAcres converted to developed land (1,000 acres) 1Texas1219.5 2Pennsylvania1123.2 3Georgia1053.2 4Florida945.3 5North Carolina781.5 6California694.8 7Tennessee611.6 8Michigan550.8 9South Carolina539.7 10Ohio521.2 Source: (London and Hill, 2000) -- USDA, 1997 National Resource Inventory Summary Report

14. Purposes and Objectives Gain a better understanding of urban growth process; Develop a methodology for urban growth prediction; and Provide better information for: è Land use decision-making toward smart growth è Impact assessment studies è Public education of environmental awareness è Developing an operational urban growth model è Calibrating the model using 1990-2000 data è Predicting urban extent by year 2030 for the Beaufort-Colleton-Jasper Region The objectives of this project are:

15. Urban Growth Models è Lowry’s Model (1957) and Its Variants è Cellular Automata (Deltron) Model (San Francisco Bay Area) --- Clarke (1996) è California Urban Future Model (CUF I and II) --- Landis (1994, 1995, and 1997) è Land Transformation Model (LTM) (Michigan’s Saginaw Bay Watershed) --- Pijanowski et al (1997)

16. 1.Components or structures of the land use systems:simple vs. complex 2.Relationships between components, agents, factors, and processes: deterministic vs. indeterministic. 3.Changes over space (and time): ordered vs. random vs. chaotic 4.Spatial distribution or patterns: regularity vs. irregularity (fractal) Challenges Faced in Urban Land Use Modeling Land Land Use Systems Uses Economic Social Cultural Natural resources Activity settings Aesthetic sanities Natural functions Functions Structures Activities Ownership Use status Geology Geomorphology Hydrology Climate Soil Vegetation Human Systems Physical Systems Availability Suitability Capacity Sustainability Model vs. Reality

17. Parcel --smallest legal unit Zone --area demarcated by the major roads Grid or Cell --square-shaped area Murrells Inlet Mount Pleasant Part of Mount Pleasant Analysis Units ---200x200 m 2 grids (cells) for calibrating models ---30x30 m 2 grids (cells) for prediction

18. Georgetown Data

19. Horry County Data

20. Predictor Variables Physical suitability –Land cover, Slope, Soil suitability Service accessibility –Transportation, Waterline, Sewer line, CBD, Industrial parks, Demographic Initial conditions –Existing urban, Vacant infill area, Agriculture land, Forest land Policy constraints –Protected land, Comprehensive planning, Growth boundary, Zoning/Ordinance, Natural reserves, Parks, Floodplain, Cultural sites, Land ownership

21. Data for Deriving Predictor Grids Baseline Years: 1990 and 2000 for Training and Testing Projection Years; 2000-2030

22. Examples of Predictor Variables Distance to 2000 Urban Area Distance to 80 Industry Point Distance to Roads Distance to Highway System Distance to Water Lines Distance to Sewage system

23. US Hwys

25. Waterfront

27. Pop. Density 2000

28. Water Lines

30. Probabilities (dark is higher)

31. Horry 2010 r 3:1

32. Horry 2020 r 3:1

33. Horry 2030 r 3:1

34. Predicted Urban Growth in the Myrtle Beach Region, South Carolina, 2000-2030 115 sq. mi.164 sq. mi.213 sq. mi. 1995 - 56 sq. mi.

35. 1992

36. 2001

37. 2010 3:1

38. 2020 3:1

39. 2030 3:1

40. Simulated Growth

41. Urban Sprawl Problems Urban growth is necessary and unavoidable. But uncontrolled growth - urban sprawl results in many problems such as: è Increased cost of living è Rising taxes and pressure on infrastructure and urban services è Traffic congestion and increased (travel) time è Environmental pollution è Loss of farm/forest land, habitats and rural (natural) landscape è Downtown declines and community segregation

42. Benefits of Urban Growth è Increased standard of living è Generation of wealth è Increase in amenities è Production of affordable housing è Increase in tax base è New business opportunities è New job opportunities è Increased “freedom” with the automobile è It is what we desire - “Freedom of Choice”

43. Urban Growth Trends The pattern follows paths of subsidy. Undervalued infrastructure Discounted resources Reductions for individual risk Unintended consequences of past policies

45. What do we do now? è Growth is coming whether we want it or not è Determine where we do not want to grow è Increase communication among SPD’s, etc. è Be inclusive in planning è Provide incentives for growth in “growth areas” è Provide “dis-incentives” for areas to protect è Make users pay the freight for new growth è It is always easier said than done!!!