1. Advanced Wind Power Technology Wind Power in Energy Systems Teemu Heiskanen Juhani Mäkelä

2. 1. Wind power integration Transmission system Connection methods Integration costs Grid planning and wind power 2. Wind power operation Wind turbine types Requirements for the wind turbines System stability and balance 3. Cases Lapland Meri-Lappi Europe 2050

3. 1. Wind power integration Transmission system Connection methods Integration costs Grid planning and wind power 2. Wind power operation Wind turbine types Requirements for the wind turbines System stability and balance 3. Cases Lapland Meri-Lappi Europe 2050

4. Transmission Grid Characteristics Operated, maintained and developed by Fingrid Oyj Comprises 400/220/110 kV power lines, substations, and cross-border connections Circular structure improves reliability Huge investment program 2010-2020 – nuclear and wind power integration – Replacement of transmission grid reaching the end of its life cycle Source: Fingrid

5. Grid connection solutions Substation connection Line connection (<25MW) Less expensive Fingrid prefers substation connections Hinders operational reliability Takes transmission capacity Connection point Source: Fingrid

6. Grid connection solutionConnection fee Connection to a 110 kV transmission line <25 MW connection:0,5 m€ <25 MW connection:Not allowed Connection to an existing substation 400kV:2,0 m€ 220 kV:1,2 m€ 110 kV:0,6 m€ Connection to a new substation For a single player:All construction costs For multiple players:As for existing substations Integration Costs In addition, 150000 €/km for transmission lines Source: Fingrid

7. Wind power projects: effect on grid planning Wind projects have high uncertainty Especially the subsidy cutoff at 2500 MW Capacity allocation via letters of intent and connection contracts Small wind parks are faster to build than a substation Need for temporary solutions Wind projects in the same area can be in different phases Challenges for cooperation in connection costs

8. 1. Wind power integration Transmission system Connection methods Integration costs Grid planning and wind power 2. Wind power operation Wind turbine types Requirements for the wind turbines System stability and balance 3. Cases Lapland Meri-Lappi Europe 2050

9. Variable speed Good voltage and reactive power control Fixed speed Draws reactive power from the grid Slight voltage and reactive power control Source: EWEA Wind turbine on the grid

10. Tolerance (U, f, Fault ride through) Reactive power control Active power and frequency response Protective devices Visibility Source: Fingrid Grid codes: Requirements for the wind turbines

11. Production variation Wind power effects on the grid Source: National Grid; WIREs Energy Environ 2012 Less inertia

12. Variation -> Reserves Need of slower reserves increases Source: VTT, Holttinen

13. 1. Wind power integration Transmission system Connection methods Integration costs Grid planning and wind power 2. Wind power operation Wind turbine types Requirements for the wind turbines System stability and balance 3. Cases Lapland Meri-Lappi Europe 2050

14. In Lapland there is at the moment over 400 MW of over capacity A failure in the blue marked 220 kV line: the wind power has to be transfered through Petäjäkoski. Transfer distance is now almost 400 km, which leads to very unstable situation. Solution: Connect more capacity from the wind parks straight to Pirttikoski substation. Case Keminmaa Source: Fingrid

15. Case Meri-Lappi Problem: Grid has to be built to serve the future purpose but the grid projects takes years to construct and are expensive. … Is the wind production going to boom or not? Source: Fingrid

16. Case Meri-Lappi Solution: Improve the grid piece by piece: 1. Replace lines to more heat resistant ones 2. Reinforce the bottle necks 3. Build more 110 kV or 400 kV lines next to the old ones 4. Temporary connections Source: Fingrid

17. 20102050 EU Renewable grid map Source: EWEA

18. Questions?