1. STATUS AND CORPUS PLANNING: ADDRESSING LANGUAGE POLICY IMPLEMENTATION PROBLEMS IN SOUTH AFRICA Mtholeni N. Ngcobo DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA

2. LANGUAGE PLANNING A social construct Production of a policy Policy aspect of planning; Allocation (Gorman, 1973) Language happening (Jernudd & Das Gupta, 1971) Language Treatment (Neustupný, 1974)

3. Language Planning De facto language planning vs. de jure language planning Practices vs. Policy

4. FOURFOLD MODEL Selection of the norm Codification Implementation Elaboration Antia (2000) two-by-two matrix Norm + function = language Society + language = planning

5. THEORETICAL MODELS Rational model (canonical or ideal planning) Alternative model Rational model: National/official language choice – purely government decision Alternative model Accommodate several types/levels of government or non-governmental decision-making and implementation

6. THEORETICAL MODELS cont… Several planning mechanisms Less organized and less coordinated sources of change

7. LANGUAGE MANAGEMENT A reaction against centralisation Focus on discourse

8. STATUS vs. CORPUS PLANNING Compartmentalization (Kloss, 1969) Status planning: Discourse of language politics and society Social aspects of language planning (Kaplan and Baldauf, 1997) Related to political issues Focus on legislative decisions

9. STATUS vs. CORPUS cont… Corpus Planning Focus on changes by deliberate planning to the corpus or shape of a language Orthography, grammar, lexica (Antia, 2000) Relationship (status & corpus) Dichotomous and complementary

10. LP IN SA Socio-historical view: Traditional structural planning of culture and language Symbolic power: the creation of the linguistic field; hebitus (Bordieu, 1991) The de jure emphasis (1822) – Anglicisation Objection – Dutch speaking people 1910 – Union of SA

11. LP in SA cont… English and Afrikaans legislation Standardization of some indigenous languages

12. LP in Democratic SA Correction intervention: 11 official languages Compromise and accommodating (Bellamy, 1999) LANGTAG and PANSALB Promotion of the use of official languages Development of minority language Constitutional base & the Bill of Rights

13. POLICY DOCUMENTS The National Policy Framework- 2003 The Implementation Plan - 2003 Language in Education Policy - 1996 Language Policy for Higher Education The Western Cape Provincial Language Act of 1998

14. THE NATURE OF SALP Emotional connotations that languages hold: various voices and interests Objectively designed: to maintain ethnic diversity and compromise Deliberate and political policy of multilingualism Symbolic

15. THE NATURE OF SALP cont… Aims: promote, develop, respect Language groupings: Nguni, Sotho, Venda, Ndebele, English and Afrikaans

16. CHALLENGES AND CONSTRAINTS Implementation problem English dominance The balance of the needs and preferences Escape clauses: practicability, usage etc. Discourse: equality vs. equity, individual rights vs. group rights

17. FROM STATUS TO CORPUS LP Interlinguistically competitive market place Policy approach vs. the cultivation approach Policy: created the climate of transformation or reconstruction and development (Webb 2000) Development and corpus planning (a practical implementation strategy)

18. FROM STATUS TO CORPUS LP Beautify, amplify and dignify (Fishman 1996) Terminology development, interpreting and translation The use of new and acceptable conventions and the involvement of the designated audience The development of teaching material and other applications

19. CONCLUSION The SA Policy is good Status planning should be complemented with corpus planning Idealistic vs. pragmatic types of language planning A need for localisation or glocalisation: a response to global technology (Antia, 2000)