1. Yeast Breads

2. Leavening Yeast causes the dough to rise (leaven) because it is filling with CO2. This process is called Fermentation. Quality yeast products are the result of a balancing act. The leavening action balanced with the development of gluten.  Gluten – a firm, elastic substance that affects the texture of baked goods.

3. Leavening - Yeast The 3 most common yeasts used in baking are:  Compressed yeast  Active dry yeast  Quick-rise dry yeast Always be careful to note which yeast a formula is calling for. Dry yeast is about twice as strong as compressed yeast, but both are similar in taste when the correct proportions are used. When substituting compressed yeast for dry yeast – use double the amount that is called for and when substituting dry for compressed – use half the amount. Too much or too little would yeast will affect the yeast fermentation. Quick-rise dry yeast can be used in the same proportions as active dry yeast.

4. Leavening - Yeast All yeast is sensitive to temperature. Yeast growth slows down at temperatures below 34°F. Temperatures above 138°F kill yeast cells. The ideal temperature range for yeast fermentation is 78°F-82°F. Yeast loses potency as it ages. It must be used before the expiration date for the best quality product.

5. Leavening - Starters Starter is a mixture of flour, yeast, sugar, and a warm liquid that begins the leavening action. A portion of the starter is then used to leaven the dough. The unique flavor and texture of some breads – such as sourdough – comes from the use of a starter.

6. Leavening – Other Yeast Dough Ingredients Choosing the appropriate flour is critical to the preparation of the quality yeast breads and rolls. Different types of flour give the product different qualities.

7. Regular Yeast Doughs Yeast products are generally classified according to the type of dough used to produce them. The three most common regular yeast doughs used in food service operations are:  Hard lean doughs  Soft medium doughs  Sweet rich doughs

8. Regular Yeast Doughs Hard Lean Doughs - consist of 0-1% fat and sugar. Most basic yeast doughs. Often made from flour, water, salt, and yeast. Usually dry, chewy crumb and a hard crust.  Crumb – internal texture of a bread or roll  Crust – outer surface of a bread or roll Fats make a hard lean dough easier to handle but also often soften the crumb. In commercial baking operations, chemical dough conditioners, like chlorine dioxide, are sometimes used. These conditioners may be added to strengthen the glutens that give hard lean-dough products their dense structure. Similar to traditional hard lean doughs are whole-grain breads, rye breads, and sourdoughs. Their textures are much more dense because of the courser, heavier flours and hotter baking methods used. The crumb is chewier and the crust is usually darker and crisper.

9. Regular Yeast Doughs Soft Medium Doughs – soft crumb and crust. 6-9% fat and sugar in these doughs. Elastic and tears easily. Includes: Pullman bread (white or wheat sandwich bread that is made into squared off loaves) Includes dinner rolls, such as cloverleaf and Parker House rolls

10. Regular Yeast Doughs Sweet Rich Doughs –  Incorporates up to 25% of both fat and sugar. Since sweet rich doughs use such large amounts of fat and sugar, their structure is soft and heavy. Most are moist and soft. Working with sweet rich dough you may be tempted to add more flour to make the dough easier to handle however, adding flower will toughen the final product. Use only a light dusting of flour on your hands and work surfaces when working with these doughs.

11. Regular Yeast Doughs Sweet Rich Doughs Usually famous for their golden yellow crumb and brown crust Traditionally this is achieved by adding numerous eggs to the dough, but this can break down the gluten and make the dough too heavy. Many commercial kitchens use yellow food coloring to enhance the color of the dough. You can add shortening to increase the dough’s richness. Examples – coffee cakes, cinnamon buns, and doughnuts.

12. Rolled-in fat yeast doughs Rolled-in doughs differ from regular yeast doughs in their preparations. To make rolled-in fat yeast dough, combine te fat into the dough through a rolling and folding action. Yields a dough made of many thin, alternating layers of dough, pushing them apart and lifting them. Notable for rich, flaky textures – think croissants and danish pastries. Traditionally use butter for the fat layers, but difficult to use when rolling/folding. May want to use high-moisture fats, like margarine or shortening.

13. Rolled-In Fat Yeast Doughs Rolled in fat yeast doughs also differ from regular yeast doughs in gluten development. Gluten develops during folding and rolling. Little kneading is required. Overdeveloping the gluten will make the finished product tough and chewy.

14. Rolled-in Fat Yeast Doughs Croissants – crescent shaped, flakey rolls. Soft, wet mixture of bread flour, yeast, cold milk, salt, butter, and a little sugar. Can add dry milk solids and cold water instead of milk. The cold water or milk slows the leavening action of the yeast. Butter or another high-moisture fat equal to 25-50% of the weight of the dough is rolled in. Should be light golden brown, flaky, layered texture and an open grain or crumb.

15. Rolled-in Fat Yeast Doughs Danish Pastry dough is sweeter and richer than croissant dough. Usually eaten as a breakfast or dessert item. Unlike croissant dough, usually rich in eggs and can also include milk. Softer, flakier, and more tender than croissants. These characteristics along with a more intense flavor, are due to the pastry’s higher percentage of rolled-in fat. Can range from 10-50%