1. Growth of Medieval Society 1050-1350AD

2. Trade and Commerce European economies (before 1200) suffered because of: European economies (before 1200) suffered because of: Lack of strong government Lack of strong government Poor transportation and lack of roads Poor transportation and lack of roads Tolls (money to travel) being charged by nobles on roads Tolls (money to travel) being charged by nobles on roads Banking/Finance was weak because of: Banking/Finance was weak because of: Barter: trading goods for goods and without money Barter: trading goods for goods and without money Heavy church taxes limited personal profit Heavy church taxes limited personal profit

3. The Crusades and Trade New products were introduced into Europe during and after the Crusades such as silk, spices, furs New products were introduced into Europe during and after the Crusades such as silk, spices, furs New cities of trade arose: New cities of trade arose: Genoa Genoa Venice Venice Milan Milan Florence Florence Pisa Pisa Southern trade was more sea oriented and specialized in luxury items Southern trade was more sea oriented and specialized in luxury items North specialized in ordinary item North specialized in ordinary item Both northern and southern trade helped travel and economies develop Both northern and southern trade helped travel and economies develop (Better ships = more exploration) (more exploration = new goods) (new goods = more money) (Better ships = more exploration) (more exploration = new goods) (new goods = more money) This helped finance/banking with more money in the economy This helped finance/banking with more money in the economy

4. Population Growth Population in towns/villages grew after the Crusades Population in towns/villages grew after the Crusades This helped the economy This helped the economy Manufacturing grew as more people meant more goods needed Manufacturing grew as more people meant more goods needed Serfs could now find jobs outside of the manor (they could get paid with money) Serfs could now find jobs outside of the manor (they could get paid with money) Products were now sold and not bartered Products were now sold and not bartered Manor land was divided up Manor land was divided up Oldest son got the land and the others went out and started new lives Oldest son got the land and the others went out and started new lives Towns replaced manors Towns replaced manors People moved outside of manor walls giving rise to towns People moved outside of manor walls giving rise to towns Growth of leagues occurred Growth of leagues occurred League: organization promoting trade and securing protection League: organization promoting trade and securing protection By 1300, people wanted to govern themselves By 1300, people wanted to govern themselves Formed allies: ally: another city that acts as a trade partner and protector Formed allies: ally: another city that acts as a trade partner and protector Hanseatic League: league in northern Europe made up of at least 50 cities to offer protection and promote trade in the Baltic and North Sea regions Hanseatic League: league in northern Europe made up of at least 50 cities to offer protection and promote trade in the Baltic and North Sea regions

5. Formation of Guilds Guild: association of people in the same craft who set rules to uphold standards and protect members Guild: association of people in the same craft who set rules to uphold standards and protect members Controlled business in medieval Europe Controlled business in medieval Europe Modern equivalent is a union (example: PSEA) Modern equivalent is a union (example: PSEA) Masons: fraternal (male) organization that gets its origin from guilds Masons: fraternal (male) organization that gets its origin from guilds Types of Guilds: Types of Guilds: Craft Guild: made up of male/female artisans who PRODUCE products for trade Craft Guild: made up of male/female artisans who PRODUCE products for trade Merchant Guild: controlled the SELLING of products Merchant Guild: controlled the SELLING of products Role of Guilds: Role of Guilds: Regulated business and helped people learn to trade Regulated business and helped people learn to trade How? How? Apprentice: people learn to trade by studying a master Apprentice: people learn to trade by studying a master Journeyman: once they learn the trade, they go out and practice it Journeyman: once they learn the trade, they go out and practice it Master Artisan: last step as person who mastered the trade and became successful in business Master Artisan: last step as person who mastered the trade and became successful in business

6. Guild Protection Guilds served as policing forces Guilds served as policing forces Some protection came in the form of benefits Some protection came in the form of benefits Old age benefits (like retirement) Old age benefits (like retirement) Fire/Theft benefits (like insurance) Fire/Theft benefits (like insurance) Hospitals were built to help people Hospitals were built to help people Problem: Problem: The benefits were directed at men The benefits were directed at men What did women do? What did women do? Women were considered “inferior” to me Women were considered “inferior” to me Church said God was in “man’s image”, not woman’s Church said God was in “man’s image”, not woman’s St. Thomas Aquinas: theologian (one who studies religion) said that everyone was in God’s image St. Thomas Aquinas: theologian (one who studies religion) said that everyone was in God’s image

7. Role of Women Most worked at home or in the fields Most worked at home or in the fields They got paid less than men for the same job They got paid less than men for the same job Women could NEVER become a Master Artisan Women could NEVER become a Master Artisan Most women were not educated and never learned to read/write Most women were not educated and never learned to read/write Chivalry improved the treatment/respect for women Chivalry improved the treatment/respect for women Women were kept lower in society until the early to mid 1900s Women were kept lower in society until the early to mid 1900s

8. Medieval Learning and Culture The Middle Ages saw the advancement of: The Middle Ages saw the advancement of: Education Education Philosophy Philosophy Literature Literature Art/Architecture Art/Architecture Medieval universities became centers for study, teaching, and research Medieval universities became centers for study, teaching, and research Education was centered around the Church Education was centered around the Church Why? Why? Priests/bishops knew how to read/write so they acted like teachers Priests/bishops knew how to read/write so they acted like teachers Monks kept records and wrote books Monks kept records and wrote books The desire for education grew and famous universities came about: The desire for education grew and famous universities came about: London London Paris Paris Salerno Salerno Padua Padua Salamanca Salamanca Bologna Bologna

9. Student Life Very different than today…How? Very different than today…How? Students made the rules Students made the rules Students hired the teachers Students hired the teachers Students paid teachers to did a better job more money Students paid teachers to did a better job more money Students could leave lectures if they were too boring Students could leave lectures if they were too boring Problems? Problems? Scarcity of books…most teachers read from their book Scarcity of books…most teachers read from their book Books were handwritten and very expensive Books were handwritten and very expensive Some decorative books cost over $100 (back then) Some decorative books cost over $100 (back then) BUT…some books were passed on from generation to generation BUT…some books were passed on from generation to generation

10. Scientific Knowledge Knowledge in the Middle Ages was adopted from the Greeks Knowledge in the Middle Ages was adopted from the Greeks Roger Bacon: used experiments to test theories in chemistry Roger Bacon: used experiments to test theories in chemistry Medicine still did reflect ideas of alchemy: science and magic mixed Medicine still did reflect ideas of alchemy: science and magic mixed As science advanced, there more emphasis on experimentation/observation than on magic As science advanced, there more emphasis on experimentation/observation than on magic Theories started being proven/disproved Theories started being proven/disproved New inventions helped (ex. Clock, Mirror, Arabic Numerals (1,2,3…)) New inventions helped (ex. Clock, Mirror, Arabic Numerals (1,2,3…))

11. Medieval Literature and Art/Architecture Many epics were written: Many epics were written: Beowulf (struggle of good vs. evil) Beowulf (struggle of good vs. evil) King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table Song of Roland (about Charlemagne’s best military leader) Song of Roland (about Charlemagne’s best military leader) Who told them? Who told them? Troubadours: poets/musicians who traveled from castle to castle (ex. of story told: Robin Hood) Troubadours: poets/musicians who traveled from castle to castle (ex. of story told: Robin Hood) Not all were about heroes: Not all were about heroes: Fables: stories that taught a lesson (like a Biblical parable) Fables: stories that taught a lesson (like a Biblical parable) Church had its own form of entertainment: Church had its own form of entertainment: Used drama to emphasize a point: Used drama to emphasize a point: Mystery Plays: stories from the Bible with no explanation Mystery Plays: stories from the Bible with no explanation Miracle Plays: based on events not found in the Bible Miracle Plays: based on events not found in the Bible Morality Plays: based on good vs. evil (God vs. Satan) Morality Plays: based on good vs. evil (God vs. Satan) Medieval Art/Architecture expressed faith Medieval Art/Architecture expressed faith Cathedral: (large church) was the most true expression of faith and greatest medieval art Cathedral: (large church) was the most true expression of faith and greatest medieval art Whole communities worked on cathedral construction Whole communities worked on cathedral construction

12. Medieval Architecture and Music Gothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture: Developed in the late 1200s Developed in the late 1200s Some examples: Some examples: Köln Cathedral (Cologne, Germany) Köln Cathedral (Cologne, Germany) Notre Dame de Paris (Paris, France) Notre Dame de Paris (Paris, France) York Minster Cathedral (London, England) York Minster Cathedral (London, England) Chartes Cathedral (France) Chartes Cathedral (France) St. Patrick’s Cathedral (New York City, New York, US) St. Patrick’s Cathedral (New York City, New York, US) All have tall spires, pointed arches and flying buttresses: support system All have tall spires, pointed arches and flying buttresses: support system These cathedrals have tall roofs and thin walls These cathedrals have tall roofs and thin walls Sculptures inside were sculptures of Mary/Jesus Sculptures inside were sculptures of Mary/Jesus Outside, 3D relief sculptures were Gargoyles: evil looking creatures to ward off evil Outside, 3D relief sculptures were Gargoyles: evil looking creatures to ward off evil Art/Music: Art/Music: Gained realism Gained realism Giotto (1276-1337): used light/shadow for realism Giotto (1276-1337): used light/shadow for realism Gregorian Chant: new music that took use of the great sound capabilities of the cathedrals – developed into modern hymns Gregorian Chant: new music that took use of the great sound capabilities of the cathedrals – developed into modern hymns

13. Medieval Philosophy Scholasticism: study of faith through reason Scholasticism: study of faith through reason Used things like geometry to prove theories/principles Used things like geometry to prove theories/principles Peter Abelard: wrote Sic et Non (Yes and No) about how the Bible could be interpreted in many ways Peter Abelard: wrote Sic et Non (Yes and No) about how the Bible could be interpreted in many ways The Church disliked him for writing this The Church disliked him for writing this Thomas Aquinas: wrote Summa Theologica which gave logical proof of God and the authority of the Church Thomas Aquinas: wrote Summa Theologica which gave logical proof of God and the authority of the Church He is considered the greatest scholastic philosopher He is considered the greatest scholastic philosopher

14. Scholastic Philosophers