1. Ch. 14 Introduction to Animals
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2. Introduction & Characteristics of Animals
There is great variation within the animal Kingdom
Despite the great differences there are several traits all animals share:
All animals are multicellular (made up of 2 or more cells)
All animals are eukaryotes (cells have a nucleus)
Animals cannot make their own food, so they are heterotrophs
Animals cells do not have a cell wall, they only have a cell membrane. This makes their cells more flexible and able to specialize.
Animals: Importance and History Video (6:49)

3. Animal Structure & Function
Animals have specialized cells & most have tissues and organs which form organ systems (i.e. nervous system).
Due to animals higher levels of organization they can perform complex functions such as:
Detect environmental stimili
All animals can move, at least during some stage of their life cycle.
Virtually all animals have internal digestion of food.
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4. Animal Life Cycle & Reproduction
Animals have a simple life cycle and spend the majority of their life as diploid organisms.
Just about all animals reproduce sexually.
The diploid adults will undergo meiosis to produce gametes (sperm & egg) cells
Fertilization occurs when a sperm and an egg fuses, which turns into a zygote, which develops into an embryo, and finals turns into an adult.
Overview of Meiosis Video: (6:35)

5. Classification of Animals
All animals share the same basic traits but they also show a lot of diversity.
Animals range from simple sponges to complex humans.
Animals are divided into more than 30 phyla.
Animals are first divided depending on whether they are Invertebrates (animals that lack a vertebral column) or Vertebrates (animals that have a vertebral column)

6. Invertebrates The majority of all animals are invertebrates
Once again all invertebrates lack a backbone
Invertebrates do not have bones but may have a skeleton, but it isn’t made of bone.
There are 8 major phyla of Invertebrates
Read and highlight the 8 major phyla of Invertebrates on page #
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7. 8 Major Invertebrates Phyla
Porifera = sponges
Cnidaria = jellyfish & corals
Platyhelminthes = flatworms, tapeworms, & flukes
Nematoda = roundworms
Mollusca = snails, clams, squids
Annelida = earthworms, leeches, marine worms
Arthropoda = insects, spiders, crustaceans, centipedes
Echinodermata = sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers
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8. Vertebrates All vertebrates belong to the phyla Chordata
Vertebrates are actually a subphylum of Chordata
The main distinguishing feature of vertebrates is their vertebral column (backbone).
The backbone runs from head to tail on the dorsal side of the body and is the core of the endoskeleton.
Vertebrates also have a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail.
Read & highlight the different classes of vertebrates on pg.# 318 – 321
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9. Classes of Vertebrates
There are about 50,000 vertebrate species, in nine different classes which are listed below
Hagfish
Lampreys
Cartilaginous Fish
Ray-Finned Fish
Lobe-Finned Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
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10. Plants vs. Animals Read Pg. #323-328
Write down 3 differences between plants and animals.

11. Major Organ Systems of the Human Body
Read & highlight the major organ systems of the human body on pg.# that you see below
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
Digestive System
Endocrine System
Integumentary System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Reproductive System
Respiratory System
Skeletal System
Urinary System
Immune System
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12. Human Systems Videos
Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive, Excretory, & Musculoskeletal systems Videos:
Nervous, Immune, & Endocrine system Videos: