1. 3/17 Cellular respiration 1. What are the three stages of cellular respiration? Name them in order from first to last. 2. What is the overall equation for cellular respiration? 1. What are the three stages of cellular respiration? Name them in order from first to last. 2. What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?

2. Homework F Protein synthesis quiz+ due tomorrow. F CSR#6 due Thursday. F Energy and metabolism quiz will be handed out tomorrow and due Thursday, no quiz+ option. F Protein synthesis quiz+ due tomorrow. F CSR#6 due Thursday. F Energy and metabolism quiz will be handed out tomorrow and due Thursday, no quiz+ option.

3. Cellular Respiration Review F Summary sentence of cellular respiration: F Stage 1: F Stage 2: F Stage 3: F Summary sentence of cellular respiration: F Stage 1: F Stage 2: F Stage 3:

4. Cellular Respiration Review F Cellular respiration is breaking down glucose to get energy. F Glycolysis (in the cytoplasm) F Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) broken down into two three-carbon molecules, pyruvic acid. Charges some batteries; ATP goes right to work in the cell, NADH goes to electron transport. Charges the equivalent of 6 ATP. F Krebs Cycle (in the mitochondria) F 2 pyruvic acids are broken down into 6 CO 2. Charges some batteries; ATP goes right to work in the cell, NADH and FADH 2 go to electron transport. Charges the equivalent of 6 ATP. F Electron Transport F Cellular respiration is breaking down glucose to get energy. F Glycolysis (in the cytoplasm) F Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) broken down into two three-carbon molecules, pyruvic acid. Charges some batteries; ATP goes right to work in the cell, NADH goes to electron transport. Charges the equivalent of 6 ATP. F Krebs Cycle (in the mitochondria) F 2 pyruvic acids are broken down into 6 CO 2. Charges some batteries; ATP goes right to work in the cell, NADH and FADH 2 go to electron transport. Charges the equivalent of 6 ATP. F Electron Transport

5. Keeping track of batteries Battery (uncharged -> charged) Stages of photosynthesis Stages of cellular respiration ADP -> ATP NADP + -> NADPH NAD + -> NADH FAD -> FADH 2

6. Keeping track of batteries Battery (uncharged -> charged) Stages of photosynthesisStages of cellular respiration ADP -> ATPCharged in light reactions, goes to uncharge in Calvin cycle Charged in glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport NADP + -> NADPHCharged in light reactions, goes to uncharge in Calvin cycle NAD + -> NADHCharged in glycolysis and Krebs cycle, goes to uncharge in electron transport FAD -> FADH 2 Charged in Krebs cycle, goes to uncharge in electron transport

7. Other pathways F Aerobic vs anaerobic F Aerobic means “with oxygen.” Anaerobic means “without oxygen.” F If conditions are anaerobic, glycolysis is followed by fermentation rather than the Krebs cycle. F Why can’t we do the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain without oxygen? F Aerobic vs anaerobic F Aerobic means “with oxygen.” Anaerobic means “without oxygen.” F If conditions are anaerobic, glycolysis is followed by fermentation rather than the Krebs cycle. F Why can’t we do the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain without oxygen?

8. Fermentation F Fermentation breaks pyruvic acid down to get energy, but isn’t as effective as the Krebs cycle and electron transport. F Two main types of fermentation: Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. F Fermentation breaks pyruvic acid down to get energy, but isn’t as effective as the Krebs cycle and electron transport. F Two main types of fermentation: Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.

9. Fermentation – Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid as a waste. – Example: Think about your muscle cells when you’re running or working out… – Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid as a waste. – Example: Think about your muscle cells when you’re running or working out…

10. Fermentation F Alcoholic fermentation produces alcohol and CO 2 as a waste. F Examples: F Bread rising. Yeast consumes sugar in dough, and when it runs out of oxygen, it ferments, giving off bubbles of CO 2 that form the air spaces in bread. The baking process evaporates the alcohol. F Alcoholic fermentation produces alcohol and CO 2 as a waste. F Examples: F Bread rising. Yeast consumes sugar in dough, and when it runs out of oxygen, it ferments, giving off bubbles of CO 2 that form the air spaces in bread. The baking process evaporates the alcohol.

11. Alcoholic fermentation F Alcoholic beverages are also made by having yeast ferment grapes (wine and brandy), grain (beer, ale, whisky), potatoes (vodka), rice (sake), cane sugar (rum), etc. The byproduct is a kind of alcohol called ethanol. F Alcoholic beverages are made in containers that can let carbon dioxide out but don’t let air in - why? F Alcoholic beverages are also made by having yeast ferment grapes (wine and brandy), grain (beer, ale, whisky), potatoes (vodka), rice (sake), cane sugar (rum), etc. The byproduct is a kind of alcohol called ethanol. F Alcoholic beverages are made in containers that can let carbon dioxide out but don’t let air in - why?

12. Alcoholic Fermentation F Ethanol biofuel. F Alcoholic fermentation is one way of producing ethanol from corn or sugar cane. Microbes consume the sugars in the plant material and ferment them. F CO 2 is produced, which is a greenhouse gas. However, because the plants uptake CO2 as well, it’s “canceled out” which is one reason why ethanol fuel is considered more environmentally friendly than fossil fuels. F Ethanol biofuel. F Alcoholic fermentation is one way of producing ethanol from corn or sugar cane. Microbes consume the sugars in the plant material and ferment them. F CO 2 is produced, which is a greenhouse gas. However, because the plants uptake CO2 as well, it’s “canceled out” which is one reason why ethanol fuel is considered more environmentally friendly than fossil fuels.

13. Fermentation F Fermentation breaks pyruvic acid down to get energy, but isn’t as effective as the Krebs cycle and electron transport. F Two main types of fermentation: Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. F Alcoholic fermentation produces CO 2 and alcohol as wastes. It’s what causes bread to rise - when the yeast in the dough runs out of oxygen, it ferments, giving off bubbles of CO 2 that form the air spaces in bread. The baking process evaporates the alcohol. F Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid as a waste. Think about your muscle cells when you’re running or working out… F Fermentation breaks pyruvic acid down to get energy, but isn’t as effective as the Krebs cycle and electron transport. F Two main types of fermentation: Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. F Alcoholic fermentation produces CO 2 and alcohol as wastes. It’s what causes bread to rise - when the yeast in the dough runs out of oxygen, it ferments, giving off bubbles of CO 2 that form the air spaces in bread. The baking process evaporates the alcohol. F Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid as a waste. Think about your muscle cells when you’re running or working out…

14. Other pathways F And glucose is not the only way to get and store energy. Other things we eat that we might get energy from?

15. Other pathways F Pyruvic acid can be converted back into glucose or glycogen, but once you’re in the Krebs cycle, you can’t go back. F Lipids, glycogen, protein are other energy sources besides glucose. F Glycogen is a chemical battery, stores energy long-term in the liver. Can be an alternative outcome instead of going through glycolysis to get pyruvic acid. F Lipids are good for storing energy, proteins not so much. F Glucose energy can be stored as a lipid, instead of going through the Krebs cycle and electron transport. F Proteins aren’t good for storage, but they can be broken down for energy if needed. F Pyruvic acid can be converted back into glucose or glycogen, but once you’re in the Krebs cycle, you can’t go back. F Lipids, glycogen, protein are other energy sources besides glucose. F Glycogen is a chemical battery, stores energy long-term in the liver. Can be an alternative outcome instead of going through glycolysis to get pyruvic acid. F Lipids are good for storing energy, proteins not so much. F Glucose energy can be stored as a lipid, instead of going through the Krebs cycle and electron transport. F Proteins aren’t good for storage, but they can be broken down for energy if needed.

17. What you need to know of the other stuff F Know the names of the two types of fermentation, what their waste products are (easy if you know the name!) and in what conditions they’re performed. F Know the names of the other 3 molecules that we can get energy from, and know that glucose, fat, and glycogen can be converted into each other, but protein can only be broken down. F You don’t need to know the details of the fermentation stages, or the alternative pathways. The only stages you need to know are the big 3 - glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport. F Know the names of the two types of fermentation, what their waste products are (easy if you know the name!) and in what conditions they’re performed. F Know the names of the other 3 molecules that we can get energy from, and know that glucose, fat, and glycogen can be converted into each other, but protein can only be broken down. F You don’t need to know the details of the fermentation stages, or the alternative pathways. The only stages you need to know are the big 3 - glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport.

18. Flowcharts/cartoons Using your notes, each group make two flowcharts or “cartoons,” one of photosynthesis and one of cellular respiration. I will make copies of your group’s flowcharts so that each of you can take it home with you tomorrow, so put in all the details you might need for your quiz! What are the stages? Where do they happen in the cell? What molecules enter the process, what happens to them there, what do they leave as and where do they go next? Where is the original energy, at any given time?