1. Section 1: The Shape of the Land

2.  Examine the physical geography of Southeast Asia.  Discuss the effects of geography on the history of SE Asia.  Compare the kingdoms of SE Asia to one another.

3.  Mainland ◦ Peninsula  Countries: Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam ◦ Mountains and Plateaus, 5 river systems in valleys  Islands ◦ Ring of Fire (line of volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean) creates fertile soil

4.  Many nations, vary in size ◦ Malaysia ◦ Brunei  Indonesia and the Philippines are made up of archipelagos – chains of islands ◦ Indonesia – 13,500 islands ◦ Philippines – 7,000 islands

5.  Mostly in the tropics ◦ Hot/humid ◦ June-Sept. – wet monsoons  Assist trade and farming  Typhoons  Natural Resources ◦ Tin (major supplier), aluminum ◦ Oil/Natural Gas in Indonesia and Brunei  Agriculture ◦ Rice  1/3 of world’s rice ◦ Coffee, tea, spices, rubber  Lumber ◦ Teak, Mohogany, other exotic woods ◦ Deforestation an issue

6.  Ethnic and culture diversity ◦ Mountains create divisions ◦ Majority ethnic groups often control river valleys ◦ Minorities tend to live in the mountains ◦ Chinese/Indian Immigrants  Especially to Malaysia  Discrimination

8.  River Valley Civilizations ◦ No single ruler could conquer SE Asia ◦ Most controlled small areas in river valleys  Built armies, collected taxes from farmers, irrigation system, extended control through warfare ◦ Influences came from China, though most remained independent (other than Vietnam)

9.  Pagan ◦ What is now Myanmar (849 A.D.) ◦ Buddhism introduced by King Anawrata ◦ 1287-early 1400s, taken over by Mongols from China ◦ Became tributary state of China (owed gifts to Chinese king)  Vietnam  Trung Sisters ◦ Chinese ruled Vietnam for 1,000 years  Confucianism, Mahayana Buddhism  Independence gained in 939

10.  Khmer Kingdom ◦ Most powerful  (Cambodia/South Vietnam) ◦ Peaked in A.D. 85 ◦ Very advanced civilization ◦ Absorbed much of its culture from India (trade) ◦ Overtime, Buddhism became more common (though Hinduisms still exists)  Tai Kingdoms (Thailand)  Influenced by many different groups ◦ Mongol invasion of other kingdoms allowed Tai to expand ◦ Still refer to the Chakkri family as the royal family  An Island Empire ◦ Srivijaya  Controlled the Strait of Malacca (connected Indian/Pacific oceans) ◦ Various Influences, Islam eventually adopted by many ◦ European colonization

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