1. ev Session 4 Problem Analysis and Solution Analysis Project for Capacity Development to Implementing Organic Law at the Capital and Provincial Level (PILAC 2)

2. Objectives and Content Objective of Session 4: Training participants understand how to conduct the Problem Analysis and Solution Analysis Content:1. Presentation: Problem Analysis and Solution Analysis 2. Exercise: Problem Analysis and Solution Analysis 3. Sharing and Q&A 2

3. 3 Cause Effect Core Problem Problem Tree

4. How do you Formulate the Problem Tree? 4

5. Main Steps to Formulate the Problem Tree (1) 1.Identify existing problems considering actual situations and write down one problem per card. 2. Arrange identified problem cards based on the cause-effect relationship and try making a tentative Problem Tree. 3. Determine the Core Problem that might be the result (effect) of wide-range problems. If it is difficult to fix the Core Problem, you can start with the uppermost problem card in the tentative Problem Tree. 5

6. Main Steps to Formulate the Problem Tree (2) 4.Extend the Problem Tree downward by adding problem cards that are the direct causes of upper problems. – If Problem A is the cause of Problem B, Problem A shall put under Problem B. – If Problem C is the effect of Problem B, Problem C shall put above Problem B. 6 A B C B

7. Main Steps to Formulate the Problem Tree (3) 5.Draw lines to connect all problem cards and complete the Problem Tree. (Reconsider the cause-effect relationship, if necessary) 7 A C B Core Problem Effect Direct Cause Sub-Cause

8. Main Steps to Formulate the Problem Tree (4) 6.Identify Hidden Gender Issues from the Core Problem and Direct Causes. If a problem brings about a negative impact upon only one gender, then the negative impact is the Hidden Gender Issue. Hidden Gender Issues Example: Problem--Potable water supply is not stable. - Women are forced to carry water from distant water sources. - Married women tend to use unsafe water. - Many married women have a back problem. 8

9. How do you Formulate the Solution Tree? 9

10. Main Steps to Formulate the Solution Tree 1.Revise the Core Problem into the Goal by changing a negative sentence into a positive sentence that describes a situation after solving the Core Problem. 2.Revise the Direct Causes into the Objectives in the same procedure as above. 3.Revise the Sub-Causes into the Solutions in the same procedure as above. 10

11. Solution Tree 11 Goal Objective Solution

12. Remarks Be careful of the following points: The Core Problem, Direct Cause, and Sub-Cause must be described in a single negative sentence. A single negative sentence shall not include both the cause and the effect. e.g., Girls find it difficult to attend school (Effect) because of too many domestic chores (Cause). The Goal, Objective, and Solution must be described in a single positive sentence. The Goal, Objective, and Solution must be changed in a realistic way. e.g.. It rains in the dry season. (This sentence is unrealistic and not achievable because we cannot change the climate..) 12

13. Remarks (continued) Avoid writing just “No this or that.” Try identifying the result (effect) caused by the lack of a relevant material or situation. e.g., 13 No hospitalPeople find it difficult to reach health service facilities. Not appropriate Good

14. Villagers saw that their animals had been affected by a strange chickenpox since the previous month and their animals died within several days after the infection despite the best possible treatment. They reported the incident to the village chief, but it made no difference because support from a veterinarian office was slow and irregular. The villagers did not ask veterinarians to treat their animals because they had no money to pay for treatment. Instead, they were forced to sell their ill animals to a meat seller. Case Study 14

15. Case Study (continued) One of the villagers said that they would have no livestock for the next harvesting. The village chief stated that he had reported this situation to the district office and burned some ill animals. Meanwhile, the Director of the Provincial Department of Agriculture stressed that his office had appointed veterinary officers to handle this situation. For more details, he suggested that the villagers ask those veterinary officers. 15

16. Analysis on Case Study: 1. Identify Existing Problems Villagers cannot stop losing their livestock by the epidemic. Villagers lack relevant knowledge on the epidemic. Villagers do not have enough money for the treatment. Support from a veterinary office is slow and irregular. Villagers are forced to sell their livestock before losing them. Villagers lack livestock for the next harvesting. The Department of Agriculture does not take responsibility. Villagers do not ask veterinarians to treat their animals. 16

17. Analysis on Case Study: 2/3. Tentative Problem Tree and Core Problem Villagers cannot stop losing their livestock by the epidemic. Villagers lack relevant knowledge on the epidemic. Villager do not have enough money for the treatment. Support from a veterinary office is slow and irregular. Villagers are forced to sell their livestock before losing them. Villagers lack livestock for the next harvesting. Villagers do not ask veterinarians to treat their animals. 17 The Department of Agriculture does not take responsibility. Core Problem

18. Analysis on Case Study: 4/5. Extension of Problem Tree Downward and Connecting Villagers cannot stop losing their livestock by the epidemic. Villagers lack relevant knowledge on the epidemic. Villager do not have enough money for the treatment. Support from a veterinary office is slow and irregular. Villagers are forced to sell their livestock before losing them. Villagers lack livestock for the next harvesting. The Department of Agriculture does not take responsibility. Villagers do not ask veterinarians to treat their animals. 18 Information on the epidemic does not reach the villagers. A veterinary office finds it difficult to visit villages regularly. Villagers do not know how to obtain information on the epidemic.

19. Analysis on Case Study: 6. Hidden Gender Issue Villagers cannot stop losing their livestock by epidemics. Villagers lack relevant knowledge on the epidemic. Villager do not have enough money for the treatment. Support from a veterinary office is slow and irregular. Villagers are forced to sell their livestock before losing them. Villagers lack livestock for the next harvesting. The Department of Agriculture does not take responsibility. Villagers do not ask veterinarians to treat their animals. 19 Information on epidemic does not reach the villagers. A veterinary office finds it difficult to visit villages regularly. Villagers do not know how to obtain information on the epidemic. Women should work harder than before. Women’s knowledge is far less than that of men. Most women do not know how to call for veterinarians.

20. Analysis on Case Study: Conversion to Solution Tress Villagers can manage the epidemic of their livestock. Villagers have knowledge related to the epidemic. Villager have money for the treatment. Support from a veterinary office becomes reliable. Villagers can sell the livestock at their discretion. Villagers have livestock for the next harvesting. The Department of Agriculture improves its sense of responsibility. Villagers call for vets to treat their animals. 20 Information on epidemic reaches villagers. A veterinary office can visit villages regularly. Villagers know where they can obtain information on the epidemic. Women should work harder than before. Women’s knowledge is far less than that of men. Most women do not know how to call for veterinarians.

21. Exercise 1. Participants are divided into four (4) groups. 2. Case 1 is assigned to two groups and Case 2 is to the other two. 3. After reading the case, each group member identifies two problems and writes down one problem per card. 4. The tentative Problem Tree is made by using collected problem cards. 21

22. Exercise (continued) 5. Each group determines the Core Problem through discussion. Note. If it is difficult to determine the Core Problem, the uppermost problem card in the tentative Problem Tree can be selected. 6. After completing the Problem Tree including Hidden Gender Issues, the Problem Tree is converted into the Solution Tree. 22

23. Thank you!