1. The Growth of Industrial Prosperity & Emergence of Mass Society
Chapter
Pages
The Growth of Industrial Prosperity & Emergence of Mass Society

2. 2nd Industrial Revolution Impact p.652-655
1st Industrial Rev. -textiles, railroads, iron & coal.
2nd Industrial Rev. -steel, chemicals, electricity & petroleum -economies more productive.
Increased manufactured goods sales =increased wages
Steam ship & railroad = lower transportation cost = cheaper products.
Industrialized trades with unindustrialized
Assembly line- efficient mass production (Henry Ford)
Steel for iron was new. Electricity was a major new form of energy that proved valuable. It gave birth to a series of inventions. Homes and cities began to have electric lights when Thomas Edison in the U.S created the light bulb.
A revolution in communications also began. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. Guglielmo Marconi sent the first radio waves across the Atlantic. By the 1880’s streetcars and subways powered by electricity had appeared in major European cities. The development of the internal combustion engine, fired by oil and gasoline, provided a new source of power in transportation. In 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright made the first flight in a fixed wing plane at Kitty Hawk.
Industrial production grew at a rapid pace because of greatly increased sales of manufactured goods. Wages for workers increased and prices were lower because of lower transportation costs. One of the biggest reasons for more efficient production was the assembly line. Henry Ford started and the line allowed mass production of goods.
Not everyone benefited from the Second Revolution. Europe was divided into two economic zones. North was a more industrial core and the standard of living was higher. Another part of Europe was still largely agricultural. It provided food and raw materials for the industrial countries.
Second Revolution combined with the growth of transportation by steamship and railroad fostered a true world economy. European capital was invested abroad to develop railways, mines, electrical power, and banks. Industrialized nations are those who had developed factories and manufacturing. They traded to unindustrialized nations for the raw materials they need to make manufactured good.

3. Reforms for the working class p.655-657
Reformers -industrial capitalism brutal.
moderates -gradual changes.
Radical –abolish capitalism for socialism
Karl Marx
Oppressors(bourgeoisie/factory owners/control gov & society) vs. oppressed (proletariat/ workers)
Revolution-winner proletariat -Classless society
2 socialist Groups
Pure Marxist-violent revolution
Revisionist –work with political parties
Trade unions -workers rights
Moderates were will to work within the capitalist system to create fewer hours, workers benefits, and safer working conditions ( trade unions)
Radicals wanted to get rid of the entire capitalist system and create a socialist system. To achieve this goal they supported socialist parties. Socialist parties were built off the idea of Karl Marx. He believed that through history classes have always struggled to gain the upper hand. The oppressor vs the oppressed.
The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels blamed the system of industrial capitalism for bad conditions. Marx believed that all of world history was a “history of class struggles.” One group – the ruling class oppressors – owned the means of production. This gave them the power to control the government and society. The other group who owned nothing and who depended on the owners of the means of production was the oppressed. Created two classes called the Bourgeoisie (middle class), were the oppressors and the proletariat – the working class – were the oppressed. Marx felt the struggle would lead to a revolt. The proletariat would overthrow and form a dictatorship. A dictatorship is an office that has been gotten through force, and a monarchy or crown is reign that is passed from one generation to another. This in turn would lead to a classless society where the government organizes means of production. German Socialist Party emerged. Advocated revolution while organizing itself into a mass political party that competed in elections. Socialist parties also started in other countries and they formed the Second International. Marxist parties were divided over their goals. Pure Marxists thought that capitalism could only be defeated by a violent revolution. Others called revisionists rejected this approach. Argued that workers must continue to organize in mass political parties.
Labor union was an evolutionary force. To improve workers conditions join a union and the union work for collective bargaining, etc.

4. The New Urban Environment p. 658-659
Few rural jobs-Urbanization increased
Crowed &unsanitary
Mass society demands gov. attention
Increased standard of living
Public Health & Sanitation
Boards of health-improve housing
Sewage systems-underground pipes
Because of the growing urban population Rousseau’s enlightenment idea of the well being of the masses began to take hold. Lower classes were demanding some government attention to help them in their plight. Now governments had to consider appealing to the masses rather than just the wealthy citizens.
with few jobs in the rural areas people were flooding the cities in large numbers for work which was causing many problems with health and crowding.
Improvements in Public Health & Sanitation
Cities grew also because of improvements in public health and sanitation. City governments created boards of health to improve housing quality. Clean water and an effective sewage system were critical to public health. Need for freshwater was met by a system of dams and reservoirs. The treatment of sewage was improved by building underground pipes that carried raw sewage far from the city for disposal.
Universal education was a product of the mass society of the late 19th century. States took responsibility for training teachers by setting up teacher training schools.

5. Industrial Age Social Structure page 660
The New Elite
Industrialists, bankers, & merchants +old world landed aristocracy =new elite.
gov & military Leaders.
The Middle Class
lawyers, doctors, business managers, accountants,
values that dominated society.
Hard work =good results
The Working Class
landholding peasants, farm laborers, & sharecroppers.
As throughout History we still have 3 main groups: the Elite Middle and poor
At the top European society stood wealthy elite. Industrialists, bankers, and merchants have joined with the landed aristocracy to form this new elite. Became leaders in the government and military.
Made up only 5% of the pop but controlled 30-40% of the wealth
2. The Middle Class
Variety of groups. Produced a new group of white collar workers.(lawyers, doctors, business managers, accountants, members of the civil service, ets.) Middle classes shared a certain life style with values that dominated society. (white collar work)
-White-collar work is performed in an office, cubicle, or other administrative setting. Other types of work are those of a blue-collar worker, whose job requires manual labor and a pink-collar worker, whose labor is related to customer interaction, entertainment, sales, or other service-oriented work.
3. The Working Class 80% of pop
Included landholding peasants, farm laborers, and sharecroppers. In Britain one out of every seven employed persons was domestic servants, who were women.

6. Education & leisure pages 664-665
Women’s Experiences
1800’s identity
Inferior to men & homemakers
New Job Opportunities
Secretaries, typists, & sales clerks
Less children –more attention (family centered)
Feminism – fight for women's rights & suffrage
Education & leisure pages
Public education- needed new jobs, patriotism & voting
Leisure –time after work
Scheduled, passive, paid activities
1800 women defined by family & household roles. Remained legally inferior and economically dependent on men.
1. New Job Opportunities
Second Industrial revolution opened the door to new jobs. Not enough men to fill all the new jobs so employers began to hire women. The expansion of government services created some job opportunities for women.
2. The Marriage Ideal
Marriage remained the only honorable and available career throughout most of the 1800s. Women started to have less children – improved conditions and use of birth control.
3. The Family Ideal
Family was the central institution of middle class life. Women could now devote more time to child care and domestic leisure. While for the lower working class this same ideal will take time to take a foothold since their income was needed in the home. Overtime this will change and the living conditions improve further.
The lives of working class women were different from those of the middle class. Most working class women had to earn money to help support their families. For the children of working class, childhood was over by the age of 9 or 10. Children became apprentices. Between 1890 – 1914, family patterns among the working class began to change. Higher paying jobs became available.
4. Women’s Rights
Modern Feminism had begun in the Enlightenment. Women advocated equality for women cased on the doctrine of natural rights. Women then fought for and gained access to universities. Florence Nightingale and Clara Barton made nursing into a profession. By 1840s and 1850s women were getting into fighting for political rights. Believed that suffrage was the key to improving their overall position. Fight for full citizenship. British movement was most active. Emmiline Pankhurst founded Women’s Social and Political Union. Call for women’s rights continued to expand to other countries, but before 1914 women had the right to vote in only Norway and Finland.
1. Public Education
Why did the western nations make this commitment to public education? Industrialization caused a need for trained, skilled workers. Chief motive for education was political. Giving more people the right to vote created a need for better educated voters. Compulsory elementary education created a demand for teachers and most of them were women. The most immediate result of public education was an increase in literacy. It also made them more patriotic. Had to attend school from 6-12
2. New Forms of Leisure
Amusement parks, dance halls and organized team sports became enjoyable ways for people to spend their leisure hours. Leisure was now seen as what people did for fun after work. New forms of leisure tended to be passive, not participatory. Leisure during this era was that people often paid for many of their leisure activities.

7. Section 20-1 Review
The working class
Proletariat
What elements made possible the Second Industrial Revolution?
Steel. Chemicals, electricity, and petroleum
The little-industrial nations of southern and eastern Europe provided what for the industrial countries?
Food and raw materials

8. Section 20-1 Review
Engine type fired by oil and gasoline
Internal-combustion
According to Marx, the means of production were owned by who?
The ruling class oppressors
One form of Marxist socialism was eventually called what?
Communism
Marxists who rejected violent revolution
revisionists

9. Section 20-1 Review
Absolute governmental power by an individual or a group
Dictatorship
Organized work stoppages called by unions
Strikes
The Second International was an association of what kind of group?
socialist

10. Section 20-2 Review
Workers without training or experience
Unskilled labor
3 reasons that Urban populations grew ?
More jobs brought more people into the city, improved living conditions helped people survive living close together, and medical officers and building inspectors watched for hazards.

11. Section 20-2 Review
The right to vote
Suffrage
Movement for women’s rights
Feminism
The new wealthy elite in Europe consisted of aristocrats and ___, _____, and ______.
Industrialists, bankers, and merchants.
The ability to read
literacy

12. Section 20-2 Review
The European middle classes tended to believe in the ideas of what 2 things?
Hard work and etiquette
Public education helped make people more what?
Patriotic
Compulsory elementary education eventually created a new demand for what 3 tings?
Teachers, female colleges, and newspapers.

13. Section 20-2 Review
Central institution of middle-class life
The family
The Second Industrial Revolution opened up jobs for whom?
women