1. Current and Future Trends in the Commercialization of Thermoelectric Generating Technologies Brian Henry

2. Overview Why TEG Current status –Technology –Commercial applications Future outlook –Review of technology –Road to improved performance –Complementary technologies

3. Why TEG? Advantages –All solid state –Low noise and vibration –Extremely reliable and rugged –Easily controlled with electronics –No harmful refrigerants/working fluids –Ability to miniaturize Potentially a HUGE market –Who will make it happen? –Who will reap the financial rewards?

4. Current Technology High reliability Remote location High cost

5. Current Applications < $50 million industry Remote, highly reliable, low power requirements –Pipeline monitoring, E&P, Telecom Space power production Wearable devices Industrial heat recovery Remote heat recovery

6. Remote Power One of the largest current markets for TEG Manufacturers rely on other programs for technology development Probably not the companies who will lead the “TEG revolution”

7. Wearable Devices Seiko owns watch patent-6,407,965 Expect Seiko to continue to design small wearable applications (as well as competitors)

8. Remote Heat Recovery

9. Current Applications Highly constrained by: –Efficiency –Cost of module –Cost of other components Only 281 results from US patent search under “thermoelectric generator” (11/04 -01/75)

10. Promising Advancements Enhanced Materials Quantum Wells –Nano dots –1-D Nano wires –2-D super lattice structures Segmented TEM’s

11. Future Markets Auto Industry –Vehicular heat recovery (coolant/Exhaust) –Alternator replacement –Value/Need enhanced by hybrid designs Solar/Geo/Waste power generation Remote “mesh” sensor networks Prime generation/Waste heat recovery New wearable power production Battery replacement

12. Auto Industry

13. Expected to be largest TEG market in next 10 years Initial use in heavy trucks Multiple hurdles: –Impact on weight, performance, cost –ZT performance not only concern “ Heat sink technology developments and system design may be as important and possibly more important than the material developments”-Hylan B. Lyon Ph.D., CFO, Marlow Industries

14. Micro devices

15. Waste Heat Recovery Does not utilize all of the benefits of TEGS –However, alternatives perform poorly at low delta-T Requires very large scale inexpensive systems 500 watt waste heat TEG (used on back of incinerator)

16. Co-Generation Portable water heater/pumpCombined NG heater and electrical generator for residential use

17. Battery Alternative DARPA is working on battery replacement system (diesel fired) for ground troops Swedish made charger prototype

18. Summary Significant improvements in materials Research and funding momentum Expect ~2.0 ZT, high volume production, < $0.3/watt for TE modules by 2010 Other opportunities/hurdles: Need for improvements in other parts of system –Heat exchangers, electronic controllers, packaging, design systems… –Will be critical to cost effectiveness of TEG’s

19. Snapshot of Players Corporate Hi-Z Marlow Tellurex Amerigon Eneco GM Ford BMW Seiko Delphi Nyserda Research DOE DARPA (DSO) Oak Ridge National Laboratories (ORNL) Research Triangle Institute MIT’s Lincoln Labs Jet Propulsion Laboratories California Institute of Technology Michigan State Clemson University RTI PNNL Berkeley Stanford University of Texas UCSC Harvard Purdue