1. Biodiesel Production Austin Pett Robert York

2. Transportation Energy Demand  Total delivered energy consumption for transportation was 27.8 quadrillion Btu in 2004  This accounted for over 25% of the entire U.S. energy consumption  Projected to reach 39.7 quadrillion Btu in 2030 1

3. The Alternative  Biodiesel is a cleaner burning replacement fuel made from renewable sources like new and used vegetable oils and animal fats  Low-level blends (≤20% biodiesel) can be used in almost any existing diesel engine  High-level blends (>20% can be used in most new diesel engines 2

4. Biodiesel Background  Four main production methods Direct use and blending Direct use and blending Micro emulsions Micro emulsions Thermal cracking Thermal cracking Transesterification Transesterification  Transesterification Most common production method Uses vegetable oils and animal fats as feed stocks The reaction of a fat or oil with an alcohol to form esters (biodiesel) and glycerol

5. Technological Challenges  Expensive feed stocks and inefficient production methods  Strict standards for product quality  NO x emissions  Transportation and storage concerns 3

6. Storage  Biodiesel should be stored 5-10 degrees F above cloud point.  Above ground fuel systems should be protected with insulation, agitation, heating systems, or other measure. Test Method Cloud Point ASTM D2 500 Pour Point ASTM D97 Cold Filter Plug Point IP 309 B100 Fuel oFoF oCoC oFoF oCoC oFoF oCoC Soy Methyl Ester38325-428-2 Canola Methyl Ester26-325-424-4 Lard Methyl Ester561355135211 Edible Tallow Methyl Ester661960165814 Inedible Tallow Methyl Ester611659155010 Yellow Grease 1 Methyl Ester-- 4895211 Yellow Grease 2 Methyl Ester468436341 5

7. Transportation  Should not be contaminated  Trucks or railcars should be washed from previous load to prevent mixing with leftover residuals or water.  In cold weather can be shipped in several ways Hot for immediate delivery (80-130 F) Hot for immediate delivery (80-130 F) Hot (120-130 F) in railcars for delivery within 7-8 days Hot (120-130 F) in railcars for delivery within 7-8 days Frozen in railcars equipped with steam coils Frozen in railcars equipped with steam coils Blended with winter diesel, kerosene or other low cloud point fuel Blended with winter diesel, kerosene or other low cloud point fuel

8. Biodiesel Economics  60-70% of the cost to process biodiesel is from feed stock costs  Yellow Grease has a limited supply  Soybean and other plant oils have long term price issues 4

9. Biodiesel Economics  There is ample room for improvement in the efficiency of processing biodiesel Development of a continuous transesterification process Development of a continuous transesterification process Recovery of high quality glycerol Recovery of high quality glycerol 6

10. Government Policy  Energy Policy Act (Energy Conservation Reauthorization Act of 1998) Reduce nations dependency on foreign oil Reduce nations dependency on foreign oil Requires certain fleets to acquire AFVs Requires certain fleets to acquire AFVs Credits rewarded for acquisition of AFVs and biodiesel Credits rewarded for acquisition of AFVs and biodiesel  Biodiesel Tax Incentive Several grant programs Several grant programs Tax credits for blending biodiesel Tax credits for blending biodiesel Investment opportunities in certain refueling infrastructure Investment opportunities in certain refueling infrastructure

11. The Future of Biodiesel  Should be considered for use as an alternative and not a primary fuel  Short and long term environmental benefits will be worthwhile  Storage Issues with Stability and Transportation issues with high cost of delivered fuel compared to fossil fuels  Fuel-supply reliability  Lack of understanding of environmental impact - NOx emissions  Complexity of biomass-power infrastructure compared to known well established coal and natural gas markets

12. Sources 1) http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/demand.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/demand.html 2) http://www.biodieselcommunity.org/ http://www.biodieselcommunity.org/ 3) http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/pdfs/ 40555.pdf http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/pdfs/ 40555.pdf http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/pdfs/ 40555.pdf 4) http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/analysispaper/biodi esel/pdf/tbl3.pdf http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/analysispaper/biodi esel/pdf/tbl3.pdf http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/analysispaper/biodi esel/pdf/tbl3.pdf 5) http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/pdfs/ 40555.pdf http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/pdfs/ 40555.pdf http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/pdfs/ 40555.pdf 6) http://www.pilot-plant.com/images/reactive- distillation-heterogeneous.jpg http://www.pilot-plant.com/images/reactive- distillation-heterogeneous.jpg http://www.pilot-plant.com/images/reactive- distillation-heterogeneous.jpg

13. Questions?