1. Slide 1 Fig. 19.1, p. 476 No electronic rights for this image.

2. Slide 2 Fig. 19.2, p. 478 Water Quality Good8-9 Do (ppm) at 20˚C Slightly polluted Moderately polluted Heavily polluted Gravely polluted 6.7-8 4.5-6.7 Below 4.5 Below 4

3. Slide 3 Fig. 19.3, p. 479 Clean ZoneDecomposition Zone Septic ZoneRecovery ZoneClean Zone Normal clean water organisms (Trout, perch, bass, mayfly, stonefly) Trash fish (carp, gar, Leeches) Fish absent, fungi, Sludge worms, bacteria (anaerobic) Trash fish (carp, gar, Leeches) Normal clean water organisms (Trout, perch, bass, mayfly, stonefly) 8 ppm Dissolved oxygen Biological oxygen demand Oxygen sag 2 ppm 8 ppm Concentration Types of organisms Time of distance downstream Direction of flow Point of waste or heat discharge

4. Slide 4 Fig. 19.4, p. 481 Rainbow smelt 1.04 ppm Zooplankton 0.123 ppm Phytoplankton 0.0025 ppm Water 0.000002 ppm Herring gull 124 ppm Lake trout 4.83 ppm Herring gull eggs 124 ppm

5. Slide 5 Fig. 19.5, p. 482 Discharge of untreated municipal sewage (nitrates and phosphates) Nitrogen compounds produced by cars and factories Discharge of treated municipal sewage (primary and secondary treatment: nitrates and phosphates) Discharge of detergents ( phosphates) Natural runoff (nitrates and phosphates Manure runoff From feedlots (nitrates and Phosphates, ammonia) Dissolving of nitrogen oxides (from internal combustion engines and furnaces) Runoff and erosion (from from cultivation, mining, construction, and poor land use) Runoff from streets, lawns, and construction lots (nitrates and phosphates) Lake ecosystem nutrient overload and breakdown of chemical cycling

6. Slide 6 Fig. 19.6, p. 483

7. Slide 7 Fig. 19.7, p. 484 Great Lakes drainage basin Most polluted areas, according to the Great Lakes Water Quality Board “Hot spots” of toxic concentrations in water and sediments Eutrophic areas CANADA WISCONSIN MINNESOTA IOWA ILLINOIS INDIANA OHIO PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK MICHIGAN Nipigon Bay Thunder Bay Silver Bay St. Louis R. Jackfish Bay St. Mary’s R. Spanish R. Penetary Bay Sturgeon Bay Saginaw Bay Saginaw R. System St. Clair R. Detroit R. Rouge R. Raisin R. Maumee R. Black R. Rocky R. Cuyahoga R. Ashtabula R. Thames R. Grand R. Niagara Falls Niagara R. Buffalo R. St. Lawrence R.

8. Slide 8 Fig. 19.8a, p. 485 Industrial pollution Beaches closed Suffocated fish Low dissolved oxygen Mercury- tainted fish Decreased fish population Dead algae Sewage runoff

9. Slide 9 Fig. 19.8b, p. 485 Suburban sprawl Lower water levels Clear water PCB’s in sediment Thriving fish population High dissolved oxygen

10. Slide 10 Fig. 19.9, p. 487 Waste lagoon, pond, or basin Mining site Pumping well Water pumping well Sewer Cesspoll, septic tank Hazardous waste injection well Buried gasoline and solvent tanks Landfill Road salt Unconfined freshwater aquifer Confined freshwater aquifer Confined aquifer Discharge Leakage from faulty casing Groundwater Groundwater flow

11. Slide 11 Fig. 19.10, p. 488 10 to 20 percent Greater than 20 percent Not tested Contaminated Probability

12. Slide 12 Fig. 19.11, p. 489 Industry Nitrogen oxides from autos and smokestacks; toxic chemicals, and heavy metals in effluents flow into bays and estuaries. Cities Toxic metals and oil from streets and parking lots pollute waters; sewage adds nitrogen and phosphorus. Urban sprawl Bacteria and viruses from sewers and septic tanks contaminate shellfish beds and close beaches; runoff of fertilization from lawns adds nitrogen and phosphorus. Construction sites Sediments are washed into waterways, choking fish and plants, clouding waters, and blocking sunlight. Farms Run off of pesticides, manure, and fertilizers adds toxins and excess nitrogen and phosphorus. Red tides Excess nitrogen causes explosive growth of toxic microscopic algae, poisoning fish and marine mammals. Healthy zone Clear, oxygen-rich waters promote growth of plankton and sea grasses, and support fish. Oxygen-depleted zone Sedimentation and algae overgrowth reduce sunlight, kill beneficial sea grasses, use up oxygen, and degrade habitat. Toxic sediments Chemicals and toxic metals contaminate shellfish beds, kill spawning fish, and accumulate in the tissues of bottom feeders. Closed shellfish beds Closed beach Oxygen-depleted zone

13. Slide 13 Fig. 19.12, p. 490 Mississippi River Basin Missouri River Ohio River Mississippi River LOUISIANA Mississippi River Depleted Oxygen Gulf of Mexico

14. Slide 14 Fig. 19.13, p. 490 Drainage basin No oxygenLow concentrations of oxygen PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK WEST VIRGINIA MARYLAND DELAWARE NEW JERSEY ATLANTIC OCEAN VIRGINIA Cooperstown Harrisburg Baltimore Washington Richmond Norfolk Chesapeake Bay

15. Slide 15 Fig. 19.14, p. 494 Household wastewater Perforated pipe Distribution box (optional) Septic tank Manhole (for cleanout) Drain field Vent pipe Nonperforated pipe Gravel or crushed stone

16. Slide 16 Fig. 19.15, p. 494 Raw sewage from sewers Bar screen Grit chamber Settling tankAeration tankSettling tank Chlorine disinfection tank Sludge Sludge digester Activated sludge Air pump (kills bacteria) To river, lake, or ocean Sludge drying bed Disposed of in landfill or ocean or applied to cropland, pasture, or rangeland Primary Secondary

17. Slide 17 Fig. 19.16, p. 495 Effluent from Secondary treatment Alum flocculation plus sediments Activated carbon Desalination (electrodialysis or reverse osmosis) Nitrate removal Specialized compound removal (DDT, etc.) 98% of suspended solids 90% of phosphates 98% of dissolved organics Most of dissolved salts Recycled to land for irrigation and fertilization To rivers, lakes, streams, oceans, reservoirs, or industries

18. Slide 18 Fig. 19.17, p. 497 (1) Raw sewage drains by gravity into the first pool and flows through a long perforated PVC pipe into a bed of limestone gravel. (3) Wastewater flows through another perforated pipe into a second pool, where the same process is repeated. (2) Microbes in the limestone gravel break down the sewage into chemicals, that can be absorbed by the plant roots, and the gravel absorbs phosphorus. (4) Treated water flowing from the second pool is nearly free of bacteria and plant nutrients. Treated water can be recycled for irrigation and flushing toilets. 45 centimeter layer of limestone gravel coated with decomposing bacteria First concrete poolSecond concrete pool Sewage Wetland type plants Wetland type plants Treated water