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X-Ray Diffraction as a Materials Characterization Technique By: Omar Alshehri Waterloo, ON Spring 2010

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Presentation on theme: "X-Ray Diffraction as a Materials Characterization Technique By: Omar Alshehri Waterloo, ON Spring 2010"— Presentation transcript:

1 X-Ray Diffraction as a Materials Characterization Technique By: Omar Alshehri Waterloo, ON Spring 2010 oalshehri@ksu.edu.sa

2 Outlines History. Must-have basics. How x-rays are generated? How characterization is done? Applications. The $1 x-ray source. Conclusion.

3 History Discovered accidently in November 8 th 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen. He was awarded the 1 st Nobel Prize in physics [1]. In 1912 Max von Laue invents x-ray diffraction. William Lawrence Bragg figured out how to use x-rays to determine the crystal structures of materials. Source: [8] Source: [7]

4 Must-Have Basics X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation. The energy associated with x-ray is as follows: eV/photon. The wavelengths range is 0.001<λ<10 nm. NO HARD RULES FOR DETERMINING THIS RANGE [2]. Therefore, if we plug in λ=0.1 nm we will get an energy of 12,400 eV/photon. How huge is it?

5 Must-Have Basics (cont.) Inner shell electron. Nitrogen atom n=1 n=α The ionization energy =668 eV. The ionization energy, the energy to nock out an electron to the vacuum level, for the inner most electrons of nitrogen is 668 eV. Compare it with the 12,400 eV/photon for the 0.1 nm wavelength’s x-ray!!! Very huge [2].

6 How X-Rays are Generated There are three methods to generate x-ray [3]: 1- X-ray tube. 2- Synchrotron radiation. 3- 1 dollar source [4]. Most common in laboratories.

7 How X-Rays are Generated (cont.) Filament (Cathode) Electrons Target (Anode) Vacuum Chamber X-ray The efficiency of energy conversion from thermoelectrons to x-rays is exteremely low 0.1% Current

8 How X-Rays are Generated (cont.) Filament (Cathode) X-ray Target atom: Cu or Mo atom Emitted electron Ray or Rays?

9 How Characterization is Done [5,7] ?

10 Image Plate ~$350K

11 Benzene Snowflake Isolated “Benzenes” Look for e-density on evenly spaced planes. (or near)

12 Benzene Snowflake Isolated “Benzenes” Closer-spaced planes give higher angles. Look for e-density on (or near) evenly spaced planes.

13 “Direct” or “Diffraction” or “Real” Space “Reciprocal” Space Crystal Diffraction Photo “Unit Cell” Structure Fuzzy Pattern Crystal Lattice Viewing Holes Decreasing Spacing Increasing Spacing How Characterization is Done? (cont.) [5]

14 How Characterization is Done? (cont.) [6]

15 The $1 X-Ray Source [4]

16 Conclusions X-ray diffraction is a powerful technique but with many precautions as has harmful radiations. As x-ray diffraction has many capabilities, it has limitations that prevent its application. Day by day, science is proving it self to be simpler and cheaper than we pretend it!

17 References 1- nobelprize.org 2- Donald Sadoway, 3.091 Introduction to Solid State Chemistry, Fall 2004. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare). http://ocw.mit.edu (accessed 07, 20, 2010). License: Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike. 3- Materials Characterization Techniques. By: Zhang, Sam, Li, Lin, and Kumar Ashok. CRC press, 2008. 4- http://www.nature.com/nature/videoarchive/x-rays/http://www.nature.com/nature/videoarchive/x-rays/ 5- https://webspace.yale.edu/chem125_oyc/125/LectureSlides/Lect06timed.ppthttps://webspace.yale.edu/chem125_oyc/125/LectureSlides/Lect06timed.ppt 6- http://www.eserc.stonybrook.edu/ProjectJava/Bragg/http://www.eserc.stonybrook.edu/ProjectJava/Bragg/ 7- https://webspace.yale.edu/chem125_oyc/125/LectureSlides/Lect05timed.ppthttps://webspace.yale.edu/chem125_oyc/125/LectureSlides/Lect05timed.ppt 8- Wikipedia.com

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