1. The Rise of Islam

2. The Life of Muhammad 1. Muhammad born 570 A.D. 2. Orphaned at age 8
3. Married at 25 to wealthy older widow
4. Successful caravan trader
5. Had vision of the Angel Gabriel in A.D. 610 on Mt. Hira
6. Began telling/preaching about Allah about 100 followers by A.D. 620

3. 7. Muhammad's message angered wealthy people in Mecca 8
7. Muhammad's message angered wealthy people in Mecca 8. Muhammad flees to Medina in 622 A.D (Hejira) 9. gains support and returns to Mecca in and conquerors the city Muhammad destroys all the idols in the Ka’bah 11. appoints Muslim governor in Mecca 12. returns to Medina to consolidate power 13. Muhammad dies in A.D. 632 having conquered the central and western coastal regions of Arabia

4. Early Problems Succession ? Mohammed had no surviving male children
Daughter: Fatima
Son-in-law: Ali, child of his uncle
generated a permanent split in the Islamic community
Sunnis
Shi’as

5. Sunnis considered themselves the “orthodox” followers of Mohammed
consider the Shi’as to be “dissenters”
issue: who leads after Mohammed ??
the Caliph (or “leader”) went successively to followers - Abu Bakr, then Oman - then Uthman and Ali

6. Islamic Caliphates Rahisdun Caliphate 632-661 Umayyad 7-8th Century
Abbasid 8-13th Century
Fatimid 11-13th Century
Ottoman 15-20th Century

7. Rahisdun Caliphate
Rashidun Caliphate ( الخلافة الراشدية) was the first of the four Arab caliphates.
Controlled by the first four successors of Muhammad, known as the "Rightly Guided" caliphs.
Founded after Muhammad's death in 632, the empire lasted until Ali's death in 661.
Dome of the rock Begun

8. Umayyad Caliphate 661-750 Capital city at Damascus (Syria, SWA)
Arabic became language of many conquered people and helped unify them under Islam
Camel and horse cavalries were faster than traditional armies; empire expanded quickly
Allowed people to follow own belief systems & culture
Non-Muslims sometimes paid higher taxes
Jews and Christians held important gov’t. positions
Many people converted to Islam in the late 8th century
Cross regional & cultural exchange occurred for many years among Christians, Jews, Muslims and polytheistic people.

9. Abbasid Caliphate
Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab, allied with Shia, non-Arab Muslims
Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia
Defeats Umayyad army in 750
Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them
Only Spain remained Umayyad
North Africa is disputed territory, ultimately Fatamid
Diverse administration (i.e. not exclusively Arab)
Militarily competent, but not set on imperial expansion
Growth through military activity of autonomous Islamic forces
Caliph Harun al-Rashid ( CE)
High point of Abbasid dynasty
Baghdad center of commerce
Great cultural activity
Corruption led to Abbasid downfall

10. Fatimid Dynasty
Replaced the Umayyad Empire in North Africa, Egypt, & the Holy Land
Founded the city of Cairo
Promoted religious tolerance to Sunnis, Jews, & Coptic Christians
Established a massive trade network in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, and East Asia during the Song Dynasty of China.
Fatimids gave select groups governorship positions.
Turkish invaders and Crusaders would capture even more land.
Military rule and eventually Saladin took control
The Sunni Ayyubid Dynasty (Kurdish) under Saladin ruled the lands of modern-day Egypt, Syria, Palestine, & western Saudi Arabia.
Crusades had little effect on Fatimids and Ayyubid Dynasties

11. Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries.
The Ottoman Empire was, an Islamic successor to earlier Mediterranean empires (Rome and Byzantium)
Osman I ( )
Mehmet I ( )
Mehmet II: ( ; ) ”The Conqueror”
Conquered Constantinople
Severely restricted European access to the Silk Road
Suleiman I, “the Magnificent” ( )
Ottoman Empire lasted until the end of World War I

12. Hagia Sophia