Foundations of Civilization

Name: Foundations of Civilization
Uploaded: 2017-07-11T06:43:48+00:00
Duration: PTM32S18
Channel: Candice McBride
Description: Foundations of Civilization

Foundations of Civilization
First Civilizations Egypt Mesopotamia

Guiding Questions What was the relationship between people and their environment? What were the push/pull factors for migration? How does migration affect other civilizations/cultures What is trade? How does an economy function?

K-W-L Early Civilizations
What I Know about First Civilizations What I Want to Learn about First Civilizations What I Learned about First Civilizations

TTYN: What were Hunters and Gatherers?. Scientist believe that humans first appeared over two million years ago. It is also suggested that the first humans were wandering Hunters and Gatherers.

Hunters and Gatherers – During the Stone Age, Hunters and Gatherers, also known as Nomads, were people who moved from place to place, hunting and gathering their food. They made simple tools and weapons from stone, bone, and wood. They developed their own language, which allowed them to communicate during a hunt.

Spiritual Beliefs – Towards the end of the Old Stone Age, Nomads began to bury their dead, which suggests that they believed in an afterlife. Where it all began – Evidence suggests that the earliest people lived in E. Africa. Eventually, their descendants spread to all parts of the world. There some evidence that suggests Nomads migrated over a land bridge into N. America.

TTYN: Describe Migration Migration led to Cultural Diffusion, or the exchange of ideas, customs, and goods among cultures. TTYN: From your prior knowledge, describe - How Cultural Diffusion has had an impact on American Culture. How Cultural Diffusion has had an impact on your life

The Neolithic Revolution
Foundations of Civilization TTYN: Describe the term Revolution The Neolithic Revolution (In with the New and out with the Old) Due to environmental changes and changes to weather patterns, the Old Stone Age came to a close. Warmer weather promoted vegetation where, previously, sheets of ice had dominated the landscape. Around 10,000 B.C., civilizations made several important discoveries – they learned how to plant seeds and domesticate animals.

The Neolithic Revolution
Foundations of Civilization TTYN: Describe the term Revolution The Neolithic Revolution (In with the New and out with the Old) Too tired to wander - The need to wander was over People could live in permanent settlements The end of the Old Stone Age and the beginning of the New Stone Age, or Neolithic Period. FYI – Many historians refer to the Neolithic Revolution as the Agricultural Revolution because farming and domestic animals changed the way people lived.

TTYN: Try to Identify at least three different ways that life may have changed during the Neolithic Revolution - Permanent Settlements New Social Classes – Not everything was “peaches and cream.” When resources were scarce, groups went to war and Chiefs or headsmen emerged. As a result, men gained prestige and obtained great power and influence.

There’s no place like home Where did most civilizations develop?
Foundations of Civilization TTYN: Try to Identify at least three different ways that life may have changed during the Neolithic Revolution - 3. New Technology – The wheel Metal weapons Metal tools Plows Calendar There’s no place like home Where did most civilizations develop? First civilizations began to develop along river valleys. The rich fertile lands helped new civilizations thrive.

Paleolithic vs. Neolithic
Compare and Contrast Paleolithic vs. Neolithic

Paleolithic vs. Neolithic
Foundations of Civilization Paleolithic vs. Neolithic lasted 2.5 million years to 8000 BC Otherwise known as the Old Stone age” Cave paintings Hunters and gatherers nomadic ( never stayed in one place (followed herd) Science and Technology Stone tools, use of rocks, teeth “Neo” means new New Stone Age People learn to farm No longer have to follow herd Can stay in one place and live establishment of villages permanent homes Domestication of Animals people learn to raise animals and keep them as a food source pigs, chickens, cows

New tools make farming easier and life Use of Bronze Plates Bowls Ox drawn Development of agriculture Food surpluses This period is also sometimes called the Agricultural Revolution So, What does it all MEAN? People stopped chasing food and started living in permanent settlements growth of villages, towns, cities Leisure time will lead to advancements in record keeping and technology

Ancient Middle East and Egypt

EGYPT Early Civilizations Ancient Middle East and Egypt
TTYN - Can you name one of the earliest civilizations? Hint!! This country recently experienced a revolution

Timeline Ancient Middle East and Egypt 500 500 3500 3000 2500 2000
1500 1000 2625 B.C. Old Kingdom Begins 1539 B.C. New Kingdom Begins 730 B.C. Nubian Dynasty Rules Egypt 270 B.C. Meroitic Period In Kush

Along with the Great Pyramid of Giza, the Sphinx is one of the greatest enigmas and the most studied ancient monument of mankind’s history. The whole complex of Giza, composed of the Sphinx, the Great Pyramid, other pyramids, and distinct structures, definitely holds the key to understanding advanced past civilizations.

Two schools of thoughts concerning the origin, age, and the builder of the Sphinx in Egypt. First, that Pharaoh Khafre built the Sphinx around 2500 B.C., which suggests that the Sphinx is about 5,000 years old. Second, that the Sphinx was built by an advanced civilization 8,000 to 10,000 B.C. This school of thought has been around for hundreds of years, but new findings give it more credibility.

The second finding would suggest that mankind’s history is older than the 6,000 years of Christian tradition and an advanced ancient civilization built the Sphinx. This would mean that history would have to be rewritten or a better understanding of Moses account of creation. TTYN: Why is knowing when the Sphinx was built important?

Geography

Geography Most of Egypt is a desert Early civilizations settled along the Nile River. The Nile River provided water for drinking and irrigation. The river also served as a transportation highway.

Major River: Nile River “Gift of the Nile” Each year the Nile floods leaving behind rich resources (silt) which aid in farming Unlike the Tigris and Euphrates- Nile floods like clockwork (yearly)

People were not able to survive in the harsh desert and began to move into the Nile River Valley. The Nile River Valley has fertile land along each side of the river. The river flows northward for more than 4,000 miles from its main source at Lake Victoria in central Africa. It is the world’s longest river.

Vocabulary Savanna A grassy plain with many trees and animals. Delta Low land formed at the mouth of some rivers by the silt the river drops there.

The Geographical Effects Fertile soil Deserts provided protection and shelter from outside influences Access to Mediterranean increased and expanded trade and culture….Cultural Diffusion!!! Culture was one of stability and not rapid change Deserts were an important source of minerals and building supplies (copper, tin, gold and natron, the drying agent used in mummification

Religion in Ancient Egypt

Government in Ancient Egypt

Religion Source of Egyptian Religion The Ancient Egyptians believed in many gods TTYN: The belief in many gods is known as what? and used stories about them to explain events in nature. They believed the sun was a god that was born each day and died each night. They believed religion was important to their survival in the Nile River Valley.

Religion Egyptians were polytheistic. In other words, they believed in more than one god. For example, the sun god, Amon-Ra or Amon-Re was the chief god, Osiris was the god of the Nile, and a host of other gods who had specific functions. TTYN: If polytheistic is the belief in more than one god, what is monotheistic ?

Egyptian gods Ancient Middle East and Egypt Thoth – the god of wisdom
Hathor – the goddess of love Orisis - ruled over the dead Hapi – the god of the river

The Afterlife Ancient Middle East and Egypt
The Egyptians prayed to their gods and believed in life after death – the Afterlife A book of prayers called The Book of the Dead was placed in their tombs , which is to be used as a guide in the afterlife.

Amon Ra Ancient Middle East and Egypt
The cornerstone of the religious faith for Egyptians was a belief in life after death. Egyptians prepared their dead for the afterlife through the preservation process called mummification More on Religion…. Amon Ra

Government, Society, and Contributions Government style known as a Theocracy Government The Egyptian ruler was called a pharaoh and Egyptians believed he was both a god and a king. After the death of a pharaoh, power usually passed to another member of the family. Thus, these ruling families were called dynasties.

Government, Society, and Contributions Society Egyptian society was divided into classes. The pharaoh was at the top Next were the priests, who served the gods and goddesses, and third were the nobles, who fought the pharaoh’s wars. Next were the craftspeople and merchants

Government, Society, and Contributions Society The biggest group, the peasant farmers. The lowest group were the slaves. Women had a higher status in Egyptian society than in any other ancient civilization…a woman could own property, conduct business transactions, and obtain a divorce.

Government, Society, and Contributions
Ancient Middle East and Egypt Government, Society, and Contributions Contributions Egyptians made many advancements in science and art. Mummifications helped them understand the human body, which helped them diagnose illnesses and perform surgery. They developed a calendar, which is very similar to what we use today. They also created picture writing called hieroglyphics. Egyptian temples, monuments, and pyramids have survived thousands of years.

The Rosetta Stone: Key to understanding hieroglyphics Found in 1799 by the French Took 23 years to crack code Egyptian Hieroglyphics

Science and Technology:
Ancient Middle East and Egypt Science and Technology: Pyramids

Papyrus Ancient Middle East and Egypt The first form of paper
Something they could write on other than stone or clay

Calendars Ancient Middle East and Egypt
365 day calendar (to keep track of flooding of Nile) …learned this by watching stars

Achievements

VI. Ramses II ( )

VI. Tutankhamen 1335-1325 BCE (King Tut) child ruler
ruled nine years, died at 18 young death meant burial in the tomb of a lesser person (noble) resulting in preservation

Short-Answer Response In summary format, discuss the development of locally dominant towns along the Nile in the Egyptian Neolithic. How might their development set the stage for the development of a unified Egypt?

The Land Between Two Rivers
Ancient Middle East and Egypt Mesopotamia The Land Between Two Rivers

Mesopotamia was ruled by four different empires
Timeline Mesopotamia was ruled by four different empires Sumerian 3,500 BC – 2,300 BC Akkadian 2,300 BC – 1,900 BC Babylonian 1,900 BC – 1,300 BC Assyrian 1,300 BC – 612 BC

Mesopotamia Location - Located along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, the first civilization in Mesopotamia was Sumer (Su Mer). Growth - Villages grew into busy cities and these city-states, political units made up a city and the surrounding land, made up the civilizations of Sumer. Growing Pains - As the cities grew, various city-states fought each other for land and water.

Mesopotamia Mesopotamia is a Greek word meaning between the rivers Ancient Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Most of Mesopotamia was located in present day Iraq The hot dry climate was mixed with seasonal flooding from the rivers TTYN – Identify and describe one negative and one positive that would result from the flooding of the rivers. TTYN – forced early civilization to search for resolutions and/or technology i.e. dikes, irrigation systems

Mesopotamia Geography To the Northeast of Egypt, the
Fertile Crescent, a region of good Farmland created by the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, stretches from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean. In this area great civilizations developed, giving the Fertile Crescent the name “the cradle of civilization.”

Agriculture - (The Fertile Crescent)
Mesopotamia Agriculture - (The Fertile Crescent) Farmers turned the land into a rich food growing area by using irrigation and the plow Farmers grew wheat, barley, dates, and other vegetables and fruit They raised goat, pig, sheep and cattle Irrigation created a surplus of food which led to the growth of cities…remember the flooding issue??? Surplus led to a flourishing system of trade Floods and Irrigation – Similar to the Nile, the two rivers frequently rose, flooded, and washed away topsoil and destroyed villages. How to calm the rivers? Required cooperation among the villages Built dikes Irrigation ditches to carry water to their fields. How would this influence future civilizations?

Sumerian Civilization
Mesopotamia Sumerian Civilization Making do with what they had Had few raw materials such as stone and lumber Built with earth and water Bricks of clay The First Cities The Ziggurats Floods and Irrigation – Similar to the Nile, the two rivers frequently rose, flooded, and washed away topsoil and destroyed villages. How to calm the rivers? Required cooperation among the villages Built dikes Irrigation ditches to carry water to their fields. How would this influence future civilizations?

Ziggurats – pyramid-temples
“soared toward the heavens”

Mesopotamia Economy The Mesopotamian plain was lacking in resources such as metals, timber, stone, and grapevines, so the Sumerians had to trade abroad to get them At first, the Sumerians traded surplus barley for these goods Later, the Sumerians began to manufacture trading goods that they could transport more easily, such as cloth and bronze ornaments The Mesopotamians made written contracts, loans and created a credit system They used a barter system

Trade Routes

Mesopotamia Government
Sumer – included many independent city-states TTYN: Can you think of a possible downside to having so many independent city-states in such close proximity to each other? Protection – people would turn to courageous and resourceful war leaders, which would turn into hereditary ruler TTYN: Rival cities often battled for control of land and water

Mesopotamia Government Role of the Ruler
Maintaining city walls and irrigation systems Led armies into war and enforced laws Employed scribes Collected taxes and kept records Chief servant to the gods

Mesopotamia Social Classes

Mesopotamia Social Classes
Ruling Family, Leading Officials, High Priests Middle Class – Merchants, Artisans, and lesser Priests The majority of people and peasant farmers

Mesopotamia is known as, “The Cradle of Civilization,”
Mesopotamia - (Land of Firsts) Mesopotamia is known as, “The Cradle of Civilization,” because it was first in many things: First to invent the wheel First to use sails on boats One of first to make up a story (Gilgamesh) First to use cuneiform (writing) First to use the calendar First to use the seeder plow First to give a number place value and recognize the concept of zero Pair and Share – Select at least five “First’s” and describe why they may be important to civilization of Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia Language Why Writing was important then…and still is
Writing allowed people to keep records of their transactions People could send messages with couriers to far away lands without traveling..exchange ideas and information Writing allowed people to pass on their accumulated knowledge to future generations…HISTORY!! Language Mesopotamians were the first to use writing (around 3,000 BC) Cuneiform - The system of writing was called cuneiform Cuneiform was wedge shaped symbols pressed into clay tablets The Mesopotamians wrote many myths The most famous was the epic poem called Gilgamesh

Mesopotamia Cuneiform Tablets

TTYN – The belief in many gods is known as?
Mesopotamia Religion The people of Mesopotamia believed in many gods TTYN – The belief in many gods is known as? Each town was protected by its own, unique deity or god The temple, the center of worship, was also the center of every city Around the year 2000 B.C., temple towers called ziggurats were built to link heaven and earth

Mesopotamia Hammurabi The Mesopotamians had written laws that everyone
in the empire had to follow There were 282 laws created by King Hammurabi Known as Hammurabi's Code, the laws were written in stone and placed in a public location The Mesopotamians believed the gods called the king to establish justice and order; whoever disobeyed the king disobeyed the gods How the Code works – “I a man breaks into a house, he shall be killed in front of that break-in and buried there.”

Concept Ladder Topic: Hammurabi Code Hammurabi Code

Vocab city-state Definition: A self-governing state consisting of a city and surrounding territory Context: Nippur was the most important city-state in Sumer. cuneiform Definition: The system of writing used by the ancient Sumerians Context: Cuneiform writing looks more like symbols than pictures. demon Definition: An evil spirit Context: According to Sumerian legend, Gilgamesh killed the demon Huwawa with the help of the sun god.

scribe Definition: A person paid to write, especially in ancient times Context: Mesopotamian scribes worked closely with the priests and kings. stylus Definition: A hard, pointed writing tool cut from a reed Context: Sumerian scribe wrote with styluses they made from reeds. Sumerians Definition: Residents of Sumer, a region of the ancient land of Mesopotamia Context: The Sumerians developed many inventions, such as the wheel and the plow. tablet Definition: A flat slab – often of clay or stone – suitable for an inscription Context: The Sumerians etched symbols into wet clay tablets to create a permanent document of their activities.

epic Definition: A long poem telling the deeds of a hero and often centering on the ideals of a nation or culture Context: The Epic of Gilgamesh teaches us to enjoy the time we have on Earth. immortality Definition: The quality or state of having an endless life Context: Gilgamesh was unable to achieve immortality, but he was able to leave behind a legacy through the work he had done during his lifetime. Mesopotamia Definition: An ancient land located where we find the modern country of Iraq Context: Mesopotamia means, “land between the rivers” and got its name because it was located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Nippur Definition: A major city-state in the ancient Sumerian region of Mesopotamia Context: Nippur was a busy trading center in Sumer and its most important religious city.

Mesopotamia DBQ

Additional Resources

Daily Lesson Planner

Student Notes Packet

Notes Packet Instructions and Suggestions:
How extensive your Notes Packet really depends on whether or not if you ask your students to maintain a notebook. My notes packets include space for notes PLUS a copy of each literacy activity I ask the students to complete I require my students to re-write each ‘Do Now’ and/or TTYN question PLUS to record their response in their Notes Packet Grading the Notes Packet – I grade based on accuracy and depth. Particular attention is given to literacy activities and ‘Do Now’s/TTYN”

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