1. 1 Crime and Violence: Forces for Good or Evil? Lecture Nine Youth and Violence

2. 2 Bullying Kidscape http://www.kidscape.org.uk/childrenteens/index.asp We call it teasing – it sounds harmless But … Teasing leads to taunting Taunting leads to harassment Harassment leads to violence

3. 3 Peter’s Story Example of how we label ‘difference’. Kate Winslet Gareth Gates Patsy Palmer (ex EastEnders) Tom Cruise

4. 4 Bullying and subcultures Life is tough Kids are cruel Whatever doesn’t kill you makes you strong We all went through it It’s part of growing up

5. 5 Stan Cohen - Mods and Rockers - 1950s and 60s David Matza - youth subcultures a variation of dominant society Howard Parker – car theft a way for young men to ‘prove’ their masculinity (see Tim Newburn - in the Oxford Handbook of Criminology)

6. 6 Turning victims into violators? Columbine High School Littleton, Colorado Michael Moore - ‘Bowling For Columbine’ http://www.michaelmoore.com/ http://www.michaelmoore.com/

7. 7 Emma Renold and Christine Barter in Stanko (2003) found children living in residential care homes had to negotiate their own use of violence and their own avoidance tactics for their day to day survival.

8. 8 Larry Ray, David Smith and Liz Wastell in Stanko (2003) examined how acts of violence can be understood as expressions of frustration. They conducted interviews with young people in Greater Manchester just months before the riots of 2002 in Oldham and elsewhere. They found “high levels of violence were an element of everyday life on the estates” p118.

9. 9 Violence and youth Tim Newburn - in the Oxford Handbook (see tables from p626 & p630) Self-report studies show us that 28% of 14-25 year old males and 10% females admit to acts of violence Research shows 1 in 4 bullies will come before the criminal justice system at some stage in their lives (Fried, S. & Fried, P. (1996) Bullies and Victims. New York: Evans and Co p87)

10. 10 Responding to youth violence We can begin by asking ‘Who Knows’? This is a basic question for many areas of social and political enquiry – even Truth and Reconciliation Commissions (Truth Commissions) http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/trccom.htm http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/10/98/truth_and_reconciliation/203134.stm

11. 11 Restorative Justice Howard Zehr and Harry Mika (in McLaughlin et al., 2003:41) They see crime as a “violation of people and interpersonal relationships”