1. EMT Human Anatomy and Physiology

2. Objectives
Identify and locate on the body the following topographic terms: anterior, posterior, midline, right and left, bilateral, proximal and distal.
Describe anatomy and functions of the following major body systems: respiratory, circulatory, musculoskeletal, nervous, and endocrine.

3. Anatomical Position
Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body
Figure 1.7a

4. Topography Anterior/Posterior Proximal/Distal Medial/Lateral
Midaxillary
Midline
Midclavicular line
Right/Left
Note that text on graphic may be difficult to read.

5. Anatomic Positions
Prone
Supine

6. Anatomic Positions
Trendelenburg’s
position
Fowler’s position

7. Organ Systems

8. Organ Systems

9. Organ Systems

10. Organ Systems

11. The Skin Protects the body from the environment
Regulates body temperature
Transmits information from environment to the brain

12. The Skeletal System Gives form to the body Protects vital organs
Consists of 206 bones
Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles
Designed to permit motion of the body

13. The Skull
Note that text on graphic may be difficult to read.

14. The Spinal Column
Note that text on graphic may be difficult to read

15. The Thorax
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16. The Pelvis
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17. Lower Extremity Hip Thigh Knee Leg Ankle Foot
Note that text on graphic may be difficult to read

18. The Upper Extremity Shoulder girdle Arm Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand
Note that text on graphic may be difficult to read

19. Musculoskeletal System
Gives the body shape
Protects internal organs
Provides for movement
Consists of more than 600 muscles

20. Types of Muscle Skeletal (voluntary) muscle
Attached to the bones of the body
Cardiac muscle (involuntary)
Own blood supply and electrical system
Can tolerate blood supply interruptions for only a short time
Smooth (involuntary) muscle
Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body

21. The Central Nervous System
The nervous system controls the body’s voluntary and involuntary actions.
Somatic nervous system regulates voluntary actions
Autonomic nervous system controls involuntary body functions

22. Peripheral Nervous System
Links the organs of the body to the central nervous system.
Sensory nerves carry information from the body to the CNS.
Motor nerves carry information from the CNS to the muscles of the body.

23. Endocrine System Complex message and control system
Made up of 7 glands: adrenal, pituitary, testes, ovaries, thyroid, pancreas, parathyroid
Glands produce and release hormones.

24. The Circulatory System
Functions to supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues, organs, and cells
Removes CO2 and waste products
Comprised of heart, arteries, veins, arterioles, venules, and caprillaries
Note that text on graphic may be difficult to read.

25. The Heart Four chambered, muscular organ that functions as a pump
Involuntary muscle under it’s own blood supply and electrical system
Note that text on graphic may be difficult to read

26. Blood Flow Through the Heart

27. Electrical Conduction System
SA node
AV node
Purkinje fibers

28. Normal Heart Rates Adults 60 to 100 bpm Children 80 to 100 bpm
Toddlers 100 to 120 bpm
Newborns 120 to 140 bpm

29. Major Arteries
Carotid
Brachial
Radial
Femoral
Popliteal

30. Components of Blood
Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

31. Circulatory System Physiology
Pulse
The wave of blood through the arteries formed when the left ventricle contracts
Blood pressure
Amount of force exerted against walls of arteries
Systole: Left ventricle contracts
Diastole: Left ventricle relaxes
Perfusion
Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue
If inadequate, the patient goes into shock

32. The Respiratory System
Note that text on graphic may be difficult to read.

33. Diaphragm
Has characteristics of both voluntary and involuntary muscles
Dome-shaped muscle
Divides thorax from abdomen
Contracts during inhalation
Relaxes during exhalation

34. Respiratory Physiology
Inspiration
Active process
Chest cavity expands
Intrathoracic pressure falls
Air flows in until pressure equalizes
Expiration
Passive process
Chest cavity size decreases
Intrathoracic pressure rises
Air flows out until pressure equalizes

35. Respiratory Process O2 & CO2 Exchange
Oxygen-rich air is delivered to alveoli with inspiration.
Oxygen diffuses into the blood.
The body does not use all the inhaled oxygen.
Note that text on graphic may be difficult to read.

36. Control of Breathing Brain stem controls breathing.
Increases breathing rate if the carbon dioxide level in blood becomes too high
Hypoxic drive is a “backup system.”
Activates when oxygen levels fall to stimulate breathing

37. Normal Breathing Characteristics
Normal rate and depth
Regular rhythm
Good breath sounds in both lungs
Regular rise and fall movements in the chest
Easy, not labored

38. Normal Breathing Rates
Adults Breaths per minute
Child Breaths per minute
Infant Breaths per minute
Neonates Breaths per minute

39. Inadequate Breathing Irregular rhythm Labored breathing
Muscle retractions
Pale or cyanotic skin
Cool, clammy skin
Fast or slow rate

40. Infant and Child Anatomy
Structures less rigid
Airway smaller
Tongue proportionally larger
Dependent on diaphragm for breathing

41. The Abdomen The abdomen is the second major body cavity.
It contains the major organs of digestion and excretion.

42. Abdominal Quadrants

43. Digestive System Processes food to provide nutrition to the cells
Comprised of mouth, saliva glands, pharynx, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus

44. Urinary System
Filters and controls discharge of waste materials from body
Blood pressure control (kidneys)
Comprised of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

45. Male Reproductive System

46. Female Reproductive System

47. QUESTIONS?