2. Cytology
I. Introduction
A. Definition
B. Differentiation

3. Figure 3.1

4. C. Generalized Parts

5. Figure 3.2

6. II. Cell Membrane
A. Structure

7. 1. Molecular Make-up & Function
Figure 3.3

8. B. Specializations - Junctions

9. 1. Tight = Fusing of neighboring cell membranes together
Figure 3.5a

10. 2. Desmosome = Fibers connecting cell membranes together
Figure 3.5b

11. 3. Gap = Tubular connections of neighboring cells
Figure 3.5c

12. C. Specializations - Extensions

13. 1. Microvilli = short non-moving membrane folding to increase cell’s overall surface area
2. Cilia = long, moving internal cellular extensions to move something across the cell surface

14. 3. Flagella = move the entire cell

15. D. Function
1. Generalized

16. Figure 3.4

17. 2. Passive Transport

18. a. Requirements = Favorable Concentration Gradient, Small Molecules, Requires No Energy Expenditure, and Relatively Non-polar Molecules
b. Mechanisms = Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis

19. Figure 3.7

20. Osmosis  movement of a solvent (usually H2O) across a semi-permeable membrane
Figure 3.8a
Figure 3.8b

21. Osmotic conditions
Figure 3.9

22. 3. Active Transport

23. a. Requirements = Uses Energy, Protein Channel, Large Molecules, and Goes against the Concentration Gradient
b. Mechanisms = Molecular, Bulk (Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis), or Cell-Mediated

24. Molecular
Figure 3.10

25. Bulk
Endocytosis
Cell-Mediated
Exocytosis
Figure 3.12

26. III. Cytoplasmic Components
A. Cytosol or Cytoplasm

27. 1. Consistency 2. Molecular Make-up
Consistency  like thickening Jell-O or a colloid suspension
Make-up  92% water, 7% protein, gases, salts, lipids, and the like dissolved in the water
1. Consistency
2. Molecular Make-up

28. B. Organelles
1. Membrane Bound

29. a. Mitochondria = Energy Transformer
Figure 3.17

30. b. Endomembrane System = rER, sER, and Golgi

31. c. House cleaners = Lysosome or Peroxisome

32. d. Nucleus = the keeper of the plans
Envelope, nucleolus, and pores
Figure 3.29

33. The plans
Euchromatin vs. Heterochromatin

34. e. Vacuoles = Cell storage sites
Food (sugars, lipids, etc.) or Contractile (water storage)

35. 2. Non-membrane Bound

36. a. Cytoskeleton

37. b. Centrioles
c. Free Ribosomes

38. IV. Cell Cycle
A. Definition
B. Stages

39. The Cell Cycle
Figure 3.31

40. C. Time Allotment & Control

41. External controls  outside influence
What could be a signal?

42. Cell contact can inhibit cellular growth.

43. Internal controls == internal clock
Cyclin
Cdk
MPF

44. D. Cancer

45. Cancer == benign, malignant, or metastatic

46. V. Mitosis
A. Definition
B. Phases & Events

47. Mitosis  interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

48. Interphase = time between mitotic divisions and does G1, S, and G2 of cell cycle
Prophase = condense chromosomes, dismantle the nuclear membrane, and start to build spindle from centrioles
Metaphase = attach chromatids to spindle via centromere and line up chromatids across equator
Anaphase = move chromatids toward poles via spindles
Telophase = reverse steps of Prophase

49. VI. Cytokinesis
A. Definition
B. Events

51. VII. DNA Replication
A. Definition
B. Events & Players

53. VII. Protein Synthesis A. Transcription 1. Definition
2. Events & Players

55. Figure 3.35

56. B. Translation
1. Definition
2. Events & Players

58. Figure 3.37

59. Figure 3.36

60. Diligence can lead to success.