1. Philippines

2. The Philippine Islands and Proximity to China

3. Philippines AIM: Did the U.S. interfere with the Philippines out of principle or power? Vocabulary: White Man’s Burden (Rudyard Kipling) Anti-Imperialism League Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905) – Japan recognized U.S. control over the Philippines and the U.S. recognized Japan’s control over Korea. (after Japan was unhappy w/ U.S. interference in Russo-Japanese War treaty that left Japan with only modest gains, even though it was the victor! Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) – Seeking to improve relations with one another, they promised to preserve China’s independence, support the Open Door policy, and recognize each other’s possessions in the Pacific.

4. The Jones Law – enacted by the 64 th Congress of the U.S. in August 1916, contained the first formal and official declaration of the U.S. commitment to grant independence to the Philippines. The law provides a grant of independence would come only “as soon as a stable government can be established,” which gave the U.S. government the power to determine when this “stable government” has been achieved. Broad domestic autonomy, while reserving privileges for the U.S. to protect its sovereign rights and interests. Tydings-McDuffy Act – provided for Philippine self- government and for Filipino independence from the U.S. after a period of ten years.

5. Essential Questions: 1.Should the United States have pursued a policy of expansion in Asia? 1.Was the U.S. in the Philippines for humanitarian reasons or for American gain? 1.How do Japan and China fit into the fight for the Philippines?

6. The Philippine Islands 7,000 Islands!!!!! (more than!) Land Area- 114,830 square miles Distance from China- 688 miles Chief products: rice; corn; coconut; sugar cane; tobacco; timber; copper; gold; silver; iron; lead

7. In February 1899, British novelist and poet Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem entitled “The White Man’s Burden: The United States and The Philippine Islands.” In this poem, Kipling urged the U.S. to take up the “burden” of empire, as had Britain and other European nations. Published in the February, 1899 issue of McClure’s Magazine, the poem coincided with the beginning of the Philippine-American War and U.S. Senate ratification of the treaty that placed Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba, and the Philippines under American control. Theodore Roosevelt, soon to become vice-president and then president, copied the poem and sent it to his friend, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, commenting that it was “rather poor poetry, but good sense from the expansion point of view.” Not everyone was as favorably impressed as Roosevelt. The racialized notion of the “White Man’s burden” became a euphemism for imperialism, and many anti- imperialists couched their opposition in reaction to the phrase. WHITE MAN’S BURDEN

8. Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go send your sons to exile To serve your captives' need To wait in heavy harness On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half devil and half child WHITE MAN’S BURDEN By Rudyard Kipling

9. The War and the Media

11. Casualties American Casualties during the American-Philippine War 5,000 Deaths Filipinos during the American- Philippine War 20,000 Filipino soldiers killed 200,000 Filipino civilians killed

13. Savage Acts (documentary) War ended by Roosevelt but U.S. continued to put down insurgents for another 10 years. Philippine revolutionaries thought the U.S. would support their efforts for independence but instead sought to “civilize” them. Filipinos at the Chicago World’s Fair (1893) and St. Lewis World’s Fair (1904) – among others such as Bedouins, Native Americans, Africans.