1. LIPASE EMILY AND ABBY

2. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND CONSTRUCTION  Proteins are constructed by the joining of amino acids. Protein synthesis occurs by the processes of transcription and translation. Transcription and Translation: When the genetic code inside of DNA is transcribed into the RNA version of the code known as mRNA. The ribosome uses information in mRNA, along with transfer RNA holding onto amino acids to create protein. It’s called translation because it’s kind of like a translator of another language. Source: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/ bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/Gene%20Expression/gene%2 0expression.htm http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/ bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/Gene%20Expression/gene%2 0expression.htm

3. Source: http://hubpages.com/hub/protein-production-a-step-by-step- illustrated-guide

4. WHY DO ENZYMES HAVE A SPECIFIC FORM TO MATCH A SPECIFIC FUNCTION?  Enzymes have a specific form to match a specific function, because the substrate must fit in the active site.  If it is coded to fit in the active site, then the substrate can be broken into two products, or they can be joined together. Source: http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.u s/ch106-08/enzyme.htm

5. LIPASE Enzymes used to break down lipids in the small intestine into fatty acids and glycerol Source: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003465.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003465.htm

6. DETAILS ABOUT STRUCTURE  Most lipase enzymes represent many types of protein folds and catalytic mechanisms. Many however, are built on a alpha/beta hydrolase fold. Source: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR006693http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR006693

7. CONTINUED…  Aqueous activation has been found for lipase, which is caused by a double flap movement. Both the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of Helix 6 are involved in this process. The hydrophilic part opens up, and the hydrophobic part provides the power to move Helix 6 out of the way, driving the entire protein into open configuration and exposing the catalytic triad, which can then perform the function of the enzyme. Source: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ci900458uhttp://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ci900458u

8. DETAILS ABOUT METABOLIC FUNCTION  The metabolic function of lipase is to break down fats in the small intestine. Bile helps the breakdown of fats. Bile salts are amphipathic (hydrophic and hydrophillic regions) The hydrophillic regions are repelled from fats, but the hydrophobic regions are strongly attracted to fats. This arrangement allows bile salts to associate with a part of the fat glob, and then cause the region nearby to break off. Bile salts do this by forming a circle around globs of fat in the gut. Source: http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-bile.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-bile.htm

9. WHAT DID YOU JUST SAY? This video might help you understand. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TZOCQko8iDg

10. DETAILS ABOUT PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION  Lipases are involved in many biological processes ranging from routine metabolism of dietary triglycerides to cell signaling and inflammation. Source: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/lipase- enzyme.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/lipase- enzyme.html

11. HISTORY OF RESEARCH 1846: Claude Bernard first demonstrated lipase activity in the pancreas 1849: Bernard discovered that pancreatic juice was involved in the breakdown of fat to glycerine and fatty acids 1856: Bernard demonstrated the importance of pancreatic juice and bile for the digestion and absorption of fats 1871: Existence of lipases in plant seeds was noted by Muntz 1877: Existence phospholipases in pancreatic juice discovered Source: http://www.cyberlipid.org/history/history1.ht m http://www.cyberlipid.org/history/history1.ht m

12. INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES  The manufacturing of soaps and detergent, production of infant formula, flavor enhancement of cheese and other dairy products, and the making of cosmetics. Source: http://www.lipase.net/http://www.lipase.net/

13. BIOCHEMICAL REACTION  The biochemical function of lipase is to split fats into their components, specifically to remove two or all three fatty acids from their glycerol base in order to transport the individual components through the intestinal wall. Source: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/lipase- enzyme.htmlhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/lipase- enzyme.html

14. SUBSTRATE AND PRODUCTS OF LIPASE ENZYMES  Lipase breaks down lipids. Lipids (triglycerides) are composed of glycerol, which is attached to three fatty acid chains. So the substrate is a lipid and the products are glycerol and fatty acids. Sources: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/lipase-enzyme.htmlhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/lipase-enzyme.html http://www.mybiolumix.com/microbiological-testing-of- enzymes/

15. CONCLUSION Like all enzymes, lipase is only constructed for one specific purpose – to break down fat into something that our bodies can actually use. Although a simple enzyme, we couldn’t live without it. THE END!