1. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010) Selecting Statistical Procedures Graziano and Raulin Research Methods: Appendix D This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: (1) Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; (2) Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; (3) Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010) Selecting Statistical Procedures Selecting statistical analysis procedures is part of the design process Selecting statistical analysis procedures is part of the design process Based on the characteristics of the study Based on the characteristics of the study Use the information about the study to follow the flowchart to arrive at decisions about statistics to use Use the information about the study to follow the flowchart to arrive at decisions about statistics to use Need not memorize the flowchart Need not memorize the flowchart

3. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010) Describing Your Research 1. What is its level of constraint, dependent variables, and level of measurement of each dependent variable? 2. What are the independent variables, what type (between-subjects or within- subjects), and how many levels? 3. What is (are) the research hypothesis (hypotheses)?

4. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010) Flowchart Structure Descriptive Statistics (up and right) Descriptive Statistics (up and right) –These should always be done Other statistics (down the left side) Other statistics (down the left side) –Manipulation check (if relevant) –Correlations Relevant if it is correlational research Relevant if it is correlational research Often included in higher constraint research to identify potential confounding variables Often included in higher constraint research to identify potential confounding variables –Testing Mean Differences The most common inferential statistical procedure The most common inferential statistical procedure

5. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

6. Functional Flowchart (Student Resource Website) Functional flowchart walks you through the process of selecting a statistical test Functional flowchart walks you through the process of selecting a statistical test Links to the manual and computerized computation tutorials Links to the manual and computerized computation tutorials

7. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010) Secondary Analyses Defined as analyses that do not directly test the hypothesis of the study Defined as analyses that do not directly test the hypothesis of the study Three types of secondary analyses Three types of secondary analyses –Post hoc analyses: Such as specific means comparisons in ANOVA –Secondary analyses to explain results –Data snooping: Exploring the data for clues that might form hypotheses for later research

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010) Caveats and Disclaimers Flowchart is a teaching device only Flowchart is a teaching device only NOT every statistical procedure is included NOT every statistical procedure is included –Only the most common (e.g., testing mean differences) Procedures suggested by flowchart, although the correct procedures to use, are NOT the only correct procedures for that situation Procedures suggested by flowchart, although the correct procedures to use, are NOT the only correct procedures for that situation

9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010) Robust Statistical Procedures A statistical procedure is robust to an assumption IF the assumption can be violated without distorting results A statistical procedure is robust to an assumption IF the assumption can be violated without distorting results Evaluated with Monte Carlo procedures Evaluated with Monte Carlo procedures –Computer simulations of the effects of various situations on the effectiveness of a statistic Evidence suggests that assumption violations have little effect IF your sample sizes about equal in each group Evidence suggests that assumption violations have little effect IF your sample sizes about equal in each group

10. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010) Summary Select statistical procedure as part of design process Select statistical procedure as part of design process –Statistical procedures selected before data collection –Selection based on study characteristics –Functional version of the flowchart is on the website, with links to how to compute each statistical procedure