1. Present Perfect

2. Let’s look at the present perfect in English first: I have read that book. I have lived here for five years. “Perfect” means “complete.” All perfect tenses are by definition, therefore, past tenses. So what’s the difference between “I have read that book.” And simply “I read that book”? The difference in this case is how we view the action. If we say, “I have (or “I’ve”) read that book,” we see it as complete but having influence on the present. We might want to discuss it. “I read that book” means that it’s over and done with. The second sentence is a little easier to explain: I have lived here for five years. That means not only have I inhabited this place for the past five years but also that I continue to live here. Sometimes the present perfect means that the action is complete but still going on in the present, and sometimes it means that the action still has influence on the present. I ate five candy bars.—Action completed. I’ve eaten five candy bars. --... And maybe I’ll eat some more! -- Action may continue. or... And that’s why my stomach hurts. -- Influence on the present

3. Past Participle All perfect tenses are made up of two parts: the helping verb and the past participle of the main verb: helping verb past participle helping verb past participle He has eaten. We have seen. They have left. You have finished. I have studied. She has fallen.

4. This is how you form the past participle in Spanish: Drop the –ar and add –ado: hablarhabladonadarnadado pensarpensadoalmorzaralmorzado llegarllegadoestarestado Drop the –er or –ir and add –ido: comercomidopoderpodido leerleídoquererquerido asistirasistidovenirvenido

5. Click here to go to a brief practice exercise.here

6. There are, of course, irregular past participles in Spanish as there are in English. callhave called jumphave jumped lookhave looked eathave eated????have eaten bringhave bringed????have brought

7. You have to memorize the irregular past participles in Spanish just as you do in English. volvervuelto (NOT volvido) ponerpuesto (NOT ponido) abrirabierto etc. cubrircubierto escribirescrito vervisto morirmuerto decirdicho hacerhecho romperroto

8. Helping Verb Now you need a helping verb to go with your past participles. What we use is the present tense of the verb “haber.” he habladohemos hablado has habladohabéis hablado ha habladohan hablado Use these verb forms with all your past participles: he comido, has querido, ha vuelto, hemos trabajado, etc.

9. Click here to go to a brief practice exercise. here Click here to go to your homework. here