1. Fundamentals of Graphic Aids: Charts and Graphs

2. Objectives Explain the value of graphs in reports Describe the criteria for quality graphs Describe the potential for misleading data Choose the correct graph for different data sets Construct bar graphs, pie charts, and line graphs

3. Why use charts? clarifyTo help clarify complex data supplementTo supplement text (not substitute text) focusTo help the reader focus on the data simplifyTo simplify the reader’s comprehension

4. To clarify, supplement, focus, simplify

5. 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 To clarify, supplement, focus, simplify

6. 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 To clarify, supplement, focus, simplify

7. Criteria for Quality Graphs 1. Shows the data 2. Helps the reader focus on the data rather than on the graph itself 3. Avoids misleading the reader or distorting the data 4. Simplifies the reader’s comprehension of the data 5. Is consistent with the verbal or numeric description of the data.

8. Potential for misleading the reader

9. Two Different Graphs Presenting the Same Information XYZ Company Safety Violations, 1996-1998 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1986 1987 1988 1989 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1986 1987 1988 1989 XYZ Company Safety Violations, 1996-1998

10. Two Different Graphs Presenting the Same Information $515 $510 $505 $500 0 Oct Nov Dec $600 $500 $400 $100 0 Oct Nov Dec $200 $300 almost unnoticeable scale break XYZ Company Sales

11. XYZ Company Cost of Operations, 1999-2000 Training & Development 10% Other 5% 35% Material & Capital Development Salaries 50% You be the judge.

12. Column and Bar Charts

13. Simple Vertical Column Chart

14. Simple Horizontal Bar Chart Western Cable TV Radio Station WROZ-FM Radio Station WKDM-AM 0 2 4 6 8 10 Net Income (millions of dollars)

15. $3.2 million $55 $75 Expenditures for Real Estate Advertising in Selected Colorado Counties, 1998 Arapahoe County Denver County El Paso County 0 20 40 60 80 100 Thousands of dollars SCALE BREAK

16. Multiple Column Chart 1999 2000 2001

17. Stacked (segmented or subdivided) Column Chart

18. Bilateral Column Chart 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

19. Choose the Correct Column or Bar Chart Situation 1: Radkur, Inc. net profit for 8 years 1993+15.2 million 1994+ 9.0 million 1995- 3.1 million 1996- 12.5 million 1997+ 5.3 million 1998+10.8 million 1999+12.1 million 2000+ 9.9 million

20. Choose the Correct Column or Bar Chart Situation 2: Provide the correct graph to depict projected annual sales for XYZ Company for the next 5 years: Year Projected Sales Revenue 110.2 million 211.1 million 311.9 million 412.5million 513.5 million

21. Choose the Correct Column or Bar Chart Situation 3: Provide the correct graph to depict projected income of three divisions for XYZ Company for the next 3 years as follows (in millions): Year Division A Division B Division C 1 15.2 5.1 12.7 2 22.4 8.6 14.5 3 26.7 9.5 15.8

22. Pie Charts

23. Line Charts

24. Creating a Chart Six main steps to create a chart 1.Specify the data series 2.Select the range of cells to chart 3.Select the chart type 4.Insert the chart and designate the chart location 5.Choose chart options/add graphics in charts 6.Change the chart location and size

25. Six Steps 1.Specify the data series –The rows and/or columns that contain the data you want to chart 2.Select the range to chart –Can be a single cell, but most often is multiple cells –Cells may be adjacent or non-adjacent –Use Shift key to select adjacent cells; use Ctrl key to select non-adjacent cells

26. Six Steps (continued) 3.Select the chart type –Each type presents data in a different way –Pick the type that will best visually illustrate the information you want to convey

27. Select a Chart Type Chart TypePurpose ColumnCompares categories, shows changes over time Bar Shows comparison between independent variables. Not used for time or dates Pie Shows percentages of a whole. Exploded pie emphasizes a popular category LineShows change in a series over categories or time DoughnutCompares how two or more series contribute to the whole ScatterShows correlation between two sets of values StockShows high low stock prices

28. Six Steps (continued) 4.Insert chart and designate location –Insert as an embedded object in the worksheet Can print worksheet and chart on one page –Insert the chart as a New Sheet Will require you to print the worksheet and chart on separate pages –You can choose the location to display the chart

29. Six Steps (continued) 5.Choose chart options using the Design, Layout and Format tabs –The Design tab can be used to display data in rows or columns –The Layout tab can be used to change the display of chart elements –The Format tab can be used to apply special effects

30. Six Steps (continued) Add graphics to chart –May add company logos or representative clip art to personalize charts –Remember, less is sometimes more, so be sparing in use of graphics

31. Add a Graphic To add a graphic to a chart: –In the Illustrations section on the Insert tab, select the medium where the graphic will come from (Picture, Clip Art, or Smart Art) –Search for and insert the graphic –Size and move the graphic on the chart as desired

32. Six Steps (continued) 6.Change the chart location and size –Select the chart to reveal sizing handles –Drag the sizing handles to achieve desired location and size

33. Print Charts You can print a chart: –Including the worksheet in which it is embedded –That is embedded, without printing the worksheet –That was placed on a separate worksheet Always Print Preview to ensure you are printing what you intended Select Print from the File menu or click the Print button on the Standard Toolbar

35. Hands-On Exercises 1 (p. 201) and 2 (p. 212)