1. Section 5: nouns & pronouns By: Areej Dawoud

2. 5.1 Countable & uncountable nouns We can count some nouns (things) like book/ books: We can count some nouns (things) like book/ books:  They are countable nouns.  They have singular a/ an & plural –s We cannot count other nouns like water: We cannot count other nouns like water:  They are uncountable nouns.  They don’t have a/ an, and they have no plural.  On the pizza there are tomatoes, peppers, garlic, cheese, and olives. ■ Uncountable nouns take a singular verb.  Water is important.

3. 5.2 a/ an & some We use a/ an in front of singular countable nouns a table / an umbrella. We use a/ an in front of singular countable nouns a table / an umbrella.  We use some for the plural of countable nouns some tables. ■ We some in front of uncountable nouns some milk.

4. 5.3 a/ an & the We use the to talk about something has already been mentioned. We use the to talk about something has already been mentioned. We use the with: We use the with:  Singular countable nouns: He has a car. The car is black.  Plural countable nouns: I have 2 boys. The boys are at school.  Uncountable nouns: I have some information. The information is important. ■ We use a/ an when we mention something for the first time.  There is a dog and a cat outside. The dog is chasing the cat.

5. Generalization We do not use the when we talk about something in general: We do not use the when we talk about something in general:  I smell roses in the air.  Gold is expensive. ■ We use the when we are specific.  The roses in my garden are all read.  The gold in this jeweller’s is very expensive.

6. Some & any Any: Any:  We use any in negative statements and questions both for countable and uncountable nouns. Are there any flowers in the park? No, there are not any. Yes, there are some. Are there any flowers in the park? No, there are not any. Yes, there are some.  In negative statements & questions we use any to show a quantity when we do not know exactly how much or how many. Do you have any information.? Do you have any information.? Sorry, I don’t have any information. Sorry, I don’t have any information.

7. Some & any Some: Some:  We use some in affirmative statements with countable plural nouns and with uncountable singular nouns. I need some eggs and some sugar. I need some eggs and some sugar.  We use some to show a quantity when we do not know exactly how much or how many.

8. Measurement words Uncountable nouns can be measured by measured words. They always have a prepositional phrase with of. Uncountable nouns can be measured by measured words. They always have a prepositional phrase with of. A bar of soap A can of tomatoes A box of chocolates A bunch of banana A tube of tooth paste A glass of water A carton of milk A sheet of paper A bottle of juice A peace of fruit A slice of cake A cup of tea A head of lettuce A packet of biscuits A roll of toilet paper A jar of jam A loaf of bread A bowel of soup

9. Countable nouns (affirmative)Negative Uncountable nouns (affirmative)Negative There are many eggs. There aren't many eggs. -- There are a lot of apples. There aren’t a lot of apples. There is a lot of juice. There isn’t much juice. There are some tomatoes. There aren't any tomatoes. There is some milk There isn’t any milk. There are a few onions. There aren’t any onions. There is a little cheese There isn’t any milk. There are few onions There are no onions. There is little cheese There is no cheese.

10. Quantity questions How many slices of bread do you eat for breakfast? About six. How many slices of bread do you eat for breakfast? About six.  Lemons, friends, apples, ….. How much coffee do you drink? Juice do you drink? How much coffee do you drink? Juice do you drink?  Money, sugar, milk,….

11. Whose & possessive nouns Whose dog is that? That is Julia’s dog. Whose dog is that? That is Julia’s dog. Whose books are these? They are his books. Whose books are these? They are his books. The genitive: The genitive: NounsRulesExamples Singular nouns (John) (‘s) It is John’s bag. Regular plural nouns (boys) (‘) They are the boys’ bags. Irregular plural nouns (women) (‘s) (‘s) They sell women’s shoes Names & nouns that already end in –s (Charles) (‘s) or (‘) That’s Charles’s wife. That’s Charles’ wife.

12. Section 6: The simple past Regular verbs: Regular verbs:  I, you, he, she, it, we, they → worked  We use the simple past to talk about actions and situations that began and ended in the past.  We can use specific time expressions like yesterday, last week, last month yesterday Morning, afternoon, night last Night, week, month, year, summer, Tuesday ago 5 minutes 3 months, 1 year

13. Spelling of regular past verbs Verb ending Spelling rule examples Most regular verbs add -ed Rain -rained Verbs ending -e add -d Arrive - arrived Verbs ending in consonant +y Change y to i and add -ed Try - tried Verbs ending in vowel + y add -ed Enjoy - enjoyed Verbs ending in w, x add -ed Show - showed 2 syllables ending in vowel + consonant & with stress on the first syllable add -ed Visit - visited 1 or 2 syllables ending in vowel + consonant & with stress on the second syllable double the consonant and add -ed Stop - stopped

14. Pronunciation of –ed Verb ending PronunciationExamples /p/, /k/, /f/, /s/, /sh/, /ch/ /t/helpedwashed /b/, /g/, /v/, /z/, /th/, /j/, /m/, /n/, ng/, /l/,/r/, or in a vowel sound /d/playedlivedrained /d/ or /t/ /id/waitedwanted

15. The simple past: irregular verbs She went to Africa last year. She saw a chimpanzee there. She went to Africa last year. She saw a chimpanzee there. I, you, he, she, it, we, they → went I, you, he, she, it, we, they → went Base form Past form comecame teachtaught eatate putput flyflew telltold

16. The simple past negative subject did not base form IYouWeThey He, she, it did not didn’thaveeat a dishwasher breakfast

17. The simple past: yes / no questions DidSubject Base verb affirmativenegative DidIYou He, she, It WeTheyworkYes, I did You did He did It did We did No, I didn’t You didn’t He didn’t She didn’t It didn’t

18. The simple past wh- questions Wh- word didsubject Base verb WhatWhen What time WhereWhoHowwhydidIyouheShewethey talk about? go to the beach? stay? call? know the place? stay at the beach?

19. Time clauses: before & after Main clause Time clause I looked at my watch She went home before I called. after she finished. Time clause Main clause Before I had dinner, After we ate, I went for a walk. we watched TV.