1. Richardson/ DIS “Atlases and Gazetteers” Dr. John V. Richardson Jr., Professor “Information Access” UCLA GSE&IS Department of Information Studies

2. Richardson/ DIS Presentation Outline Definitions Geography, Physical and Human (Cultural) Cartography Gazetteer Atlas and Map Types of Maps Historical Cartography (in the US) Standards for Evaluation CD-ROM and WWW Examples

3. Richardson/ DIS Definitions Geographical information, often in the form of visual information, involves spatial relationships. SLA, Geography and Map Division, Bulletin. The formal study of geography as an academic discipline involves: physical (soil, terrain, rivers, geological features such as caves human (or cultural overlays such as roads or buildings. 10-year trend: Historical atlases)

4. Richardson/ DIS More Definitions Cartography is the study of maps (sometimes guidebooks) involves their creation and access to this information Gazetteer (alphabetical volume providing place names, description, longitude and latitude). Atlas (collection of maps). Named for Greek mythology (Homer) for the god who warred against Zeus; required to bear heaven on shoulders and hands

5. Richardson/ DIS Gazetteers Continued: Where else would you be able to find the country with these place names? Mingocebos (literally, Eat Onions) Beaufou (Beautiful Mad) Saligos (Filthy Pig) Cocumont (Cuckold Hill) Trécon (Very Stupid) Ready to join the Society of Villages of Lyric or Burlesque Names?

6. Richardson/ DIS Atlas and Map Greek god of mythology; supporting the globe on his shoulders in early illustrated books Map (OED says first use in 1527) from the Latin, Mappa Mundi (meaning world map) mappa, napkin or towel and mundi, of the world

7. Richardson/ DIS Types of Maps Road maps (e.g., Thomas Bros. or Rand McNally) gasoline companies used to provide these free of charge state governments (Dept. of Transportation) often still do county (Department of Highways) township, Northwest Territory (early land records) public libraries have circulating collections of such maps

8. Richardson/ DIS More Types of Maps Topographic portrayal of the shape and elevation of the terrain responsibility, USGS (1879) of the US Department of Interior strong military connotations; today, selecting industrial sites, planning highways, locating communication facilities, routing pipelines, and selecting dam sites, or recreational uses (hunting, fishing, hiking, skiing, camping, and off-roading)

9. Richardson/ DIS Even More Types of Maps Hydrographic nautical charts. Great Lakes, ship wrecks Aeronautic airways and airports Medical atlases photographic, mortality, and planning uses

10. Richardson/ DIS Map Use Strategies Thematic Atlases Older Atlases contain historical data National Atlases general user or businessperson compare countries, economic strengths

11. Richardson/ DIS More Map Use Strategies Catalog using the standard form subdivision “Maps” and “Atlases” and Description and Travel” Foreign Language Dictionaries have place names General Adult Encyclopedias contain an article on “cartography” along with place names, and insert maps

12. Richardson/ DIS WWW Strategy Odden’s Bookmarks at Http://oddens.geog.uu.nl/index.html with more than 13,000 links one of the single best gateways to locating maps on the Internet Alexandria Digital Library at Http://www.alexandria.ucsb.edu (Alexandria Digital Earth Prototype, ADEPT) allows longitude and latitude to be entered

13. Richardson/ DIS Historical Cartography American continent in the 15 and 16th century coastlines first and then more detailed under colonial administration of Spaniards “oldest recorded manuscript…showing discovery of New World is Juan de la Cosa’s map of 1500” first printed map, 1506 most accurate, John White who drew the coast from Chesapeake Bay in Maryland and Virginia south to Florida between 1585 and 1587

14. Richardson/ DIS Historical Cartography continued American continent in the 17th and 18th century first printed in US, wood cut map of 1677 “A Map of New England” high point, 1755, Lewis Evans’ Map of the Middle British Colonies in America (engraved by Turner and printed on Franklin's press). Carey and Lea produced a war atlas (1794) and an atlas (1832) Tanner’s general atlas (1840)

15. Richardson/ DIS Standards for Evaluation Atlas as a Whole Range and Quality of Maps Index Supplementary Material

16. Richardson/ DIS Atlas as a Whole Authority Scope and Purpose Date Arrangement

17. Richardson/ DIS Authority Ethnocentrism = geocentrism Publisher versus cartographer (source material) Bartholomew and Sons, Scotland 150+ years experience Source of supplementary material (US Census Bureau) Place of publication is unusual center of the world Place Names: Roma = Rome or Wien = Vienna

18. Richardson/ DIS Scope and Purpose NGS Atlas: to “supplement the efforts of educators to eradicate scientific, political, and geographical illiteracy.” Evaluate; do not just compare Do not rely upon publisher’s blurb or ad

19. Richardson/ DIS Dates Copyright Date on maps, the individual plates Field checked

20. Richardson/ DIS Arrangement location based on place of publication first order based on frequency of interest

21. Richardson/ DIS Range and Quality of Maps Authority Date Number and Adequacy Type Projection Size and Placement Scale Method of Relief Use of Colors Detail

22. Richardson/ DIS Authority Reputation of the publisher U.S. Board of Geographic Names for spelling in the United States

23. Richardson/ DIS Dates Look at the verso of the title page and for individual plates Note political changes, since 1945, more than 40 countries have changed names. In Africa, there have been 90 political changes. Former Soviet Union is now... Name changes, 500-1000 annually Study an area you know well to check; 5% obsolescence per year 5-year revision cycles; new printing vs. new edition

24. Richardson/ DIS Number Count the number of maps New International Atlas: “The space allocated to each region reflects its relative economic and cultural significance on the world scene, as well as its total population and area. In this atlas there is an approximate balance between Anglo-America, Europe and Asia, each with over one-fifth of the total map pages. Africa, Oceania and Latin America together account for the remaining one- third.” --Foreword

25. Richardson/ DIS Adequacy Rand McNally New International -- no trans-Alaskan pipeline Concise Atlas of the World -- Great Wall of China New York Times Atlas (1972) Art Institute in the Chicago inset map is west of I-94

26. Richardson/ DIS Adequacy continued: Penguin World Atlas (1974) Pan American highway linked with Soviet Union with the South Atlantic Times Atlas of the World (1975) Saigon or Ho Chi Minh City? The latter... Hammond New Contemporary (1977) Gaza strip is in the wrong place

27. Richardson/ DIS Adequacy continued further: Encarta Interactive World Atlas Kashmir

28. Richardson/ DIS Type of Maps Physical plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanoes, world minerals, climatology, vegetation Cultural world mankind, food potential

29. Richardson/ DIS Projection 3-D is a sphere (globe) versus 2-D (sheet) Distortion: area distorted or distance distorted Read Goode’s World Atlas or the Oxford World Atlas

30. Richardson/ DIS Gerardus Mercator based on a cylinder longitude and latitude are straight lines utility in navigation because compass directions are true, fine for middle latitudes edges distort

31. Richardson/ DIS Other Projections Lambert Conformal Conical (equal area) Mollweide Fuller Robinson Van der Grinten Peters (equal area, southern hemisphere looks more prominent)

32. Richardson/ DIS Equal-Area Peters Projection

33. Richardson/ DIS Polar Azimuthal Equidistant “Viewer is hovering over the North Pole with the rest of the Earth falling away in a circle, with North America on one side, Asia on the other.” LA Times, 9 April 1990, p. B2. utility is distances

34. Richardson/ DIS Size and Placement Top is North or is it East? Customary = Ethnocentric? McArthur maps have Australia at the top map margins; for identifying information and rebinding Note percentage of double page maps

35. Richardson/ DIS Orientation

36. Richardson/ DIS The Turnabout Map

37. Richardson/ DIS Scale Expresses the size relationship between the features shown on the map and the same features on the earth’s surface expressed as a ratio or fraction: 1:24,000 or 1/24,000. 1 (inch) on map equals 24 (inch) on earth Topographic maps are commonly 7 1/2 minute (i.e., 1:24,000), hence large sheets

38. Richardson/ DIS Common Scales 1:1,000,000 1 inch equals 16 miles (USGS standard) 1:500,000 1 inch equals 8 miles (USGS standard) 1:250,000 1 inch equals 4 miles 1:100,000 1 inch equals 2 miles (GB’s Ordinance Survey)

39. Richardson/ DIS Scale Principles same throughout, ability to compare easily no more than 2 or 3 scales for easier comparison consistent for comparison

40. Richardson/ DIS Method of Relief The use of lines… hachures (hatching) in the direction of the slope (19th century) Baedeker’s Switzerland, 10th ed. (1883) isolines, contour lines replaced this technique dotted lines for vacant areas such as the desert

41. Richardson/ DIS Use of Colors Historical Principle Pink = British Purple = French Green = Portuguese Yellow = Spanish

42. Richardson/ DIS More Use of Colors Higher the elevation, the darker the color Color according to temperature (typical satellite photos) Utility (blue for water and tan for desert) Harmony of colors (garish examples) Use of placards to identify colors (which may disappear) Five color printing (USPS)

43. Richardson/ DIS Detail and Use of Symbols larger the scale, the better the detail larger the scale, less distortion Topographic Map Symbols

44. Richardson/ DIS Index Index (to page with letter and number coordinates or latitude and longitude) versus gazetteer (Omni G of the USA, 11vol./CD-ROM) USGS’s National Atlas index is not copyrighted. Often reprinted.

45. Richardson/ DIS Index continued: 100,000 to 200,000 entries is not uncommon. More is better Running index or gazetteer on the margin check for cross-references

46. Richardson/ DIS Supplementary Material Utility? What’s this added stuff I am paying for? “How to Use this Atlas”, metric conversions, world temperature and rainfall, time zones, airline distances, major world cities, marching times, world chronology, bibliography, pronunciation

47. Richardson/ DIS Check the Binding of Print Sources Expense of the materials Guard -tabs Plates on hinges Loose-leaf? Advantage is update Boxed? Disadvantage is disorganization and filing updates Ledger-style on Chicago screwpost

48. Richardson/ DIS CD-ROM and WWW Concepts Computerized Atlas (for the IBM PC), 1984 Interstate Travelmate (1990), $99.95 DeLorme’s Street Atlas USA (CD-ROM), 1990 $99 DeLorme’s Topo USA (1998) topographic maps with GPS MapPoint 2000 from Microsoft $109 MapInfo’s MapInfo Pro or ESRI ArcView (Redlands) 1:2,500,000 interactive at http://atlas.geo.cornell.edu

49. Richardson/ DIS Just a Gentle Reminder... Remove the diskette now!