1. DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23 rd, 2011 1 1 Gianfranco Burzio Centro Ricerche FIAT The OEM perspective on sustainable mobility measures

2. DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23 rd, 2011 2 More than one hundred years of mobility Elitism Accessibility Sustainability All Fiat Brand cars Source: ISTAT

3. DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23 rd, 2011 3 … determined in the past by cost reduction needs, has been progressively shifting towards : Performance increase Comfort and Ergonomy improvement Safety improvement Fuel economy Emissions reduction The last three items are still today top priorities, and will be the drivers of future technological evolutions in the perspective of A SUSTAINABLE INDIVIDUAL MOBILITY The driver to technological innovation…

4. DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23 rd, 2011 4 The greenhouse problem The atmosphere as a bathtub: current inputs and outputs of carbon 4/5 is from fossil fuel burning. Nearly all the rest is from deforestation and other changes in land use

5. DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23 rd, 2011 5 world average CO 2 emission of a car : 1 tonC/year world number of circulating cars:820 millions global CO 2 emissions from cars:820 million tC/year Today circulating car park has an impact on total CO 2 emissions of: 820 / 7000 = 11.7% and on CO 2 increase of: 820 / 4000 = 20.5% Today circulating car park has an impact on total CO 2 emissions of: 820 / 7000 = 11.7% and on CO 2 increase of: 820 / 4000 = 20.5% World Wide road transportation today

6. DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23 rd, 2011 6 World average carbon emissions of one car: 1 tonC/year Number of cars expected by 2050 : 2 billions Overall expected emissions by cars in 2050:2 GtC/year Effort needed in the next 40 years just to keep road transportation CO 2 emissions constant: Total park of light-duty vehicles by region Source: WBCSD, 2004a. The goal of road transportation Halving the fuel consumption of fossil fuels - 16 % W.W. every 10 years - 16 % W.W. every 10 years

7. DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23 rd, 2011 7

8. 8 The solutions must be “Sustainable” “Sustainable development”: a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987) Social EnvironmentEconomic EquitableEquitable BearableBearable ViableViable SustainableSustainable

9. DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23 rd, 2011 9 The 'integrated approach' of the CO2 legislation The CO 2 legislation sets a binding target for new cars of 120g/km by 2012. Nevertheless, legislation do not ask automobile manufacturers to bear the full responsibility for this reduction, proposing instead an 'integrated approach' where average emissions are to be brought down to just 130g/km through vehicle-technology improvements. The remaining cuts (10g/km) have to be achieved by complementary measures, such as the further use of  Biofuels (5 g/km)  Tyre Pressure Monitoring Systems  Maximum Tyre Rolling Resistance Limit (for aftermarket)  High efficiency Air Conditioning  Gear Shift Indicator Phase in:  2012: 65% of new cars will have to comply  2013: 75% have to comply  2014: 80%  2015: 100% From 160 g/km in 2006 to 130 g/km in 2015 the rate of decrease is -20.6% in 10 years on new cars

10. DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23 rd, 2011 10 The benefit of European CO2 legislation Carbon emissions by the European car park (261 million cars) amount to 150 MMTc/year. Carbon emissions by the 15 millions of yearly new European cars presently amount to 8.6 MMTc/year The 20.6% reduction of carbon emissions from new cars entailed by the European legislation, corresponds to 1.8 MMTc/year The benefit due to European legislation will imply a mere 1.2% reduction of carbon emissions coming from private mobility. On a global basis, the benefit of this same legislation against total carbon emissions of anthropogenic origin (~7000 MMTc) will be 0.023% The move is in the right direction, but it is not enough !

11. DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23 rd, 2011 11 What have we to do? Short term Medium term Long term

12. DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23 rd, 2011 12 What have we to do? Short term Medium term Long term

13. DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23 rd, 2011 13 The short term approach Data referring to Fiat Punto EVO 1.4 on NEDC Cycle

14. DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23 rd, 2011 14 Weight and fuel consumption If Punto EVO would make a diet … Individual mobility in Europe accounts for 2700 billion km/year A weight reduction of 100 kg on all European cars would imply a CO 2 saving of 10.8 Megatons per year Individual mobility in Europe accounts for 2700 billion km/year A weight reduction of 100 kg on all European cars would imply a CO 2 saving of 10.8 Megatons per year -3.5 g/km CO 2 every 100kg saved Car weight [kg] CO 2 emissions [g/km]

15. DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23 rd, 2011 15 MULTIAIR technology Engine turbocharging Exhaust Coolant Heat exchanger By-pass valve Engine Warm up Automatic clutch opening Engine off Accelerator pedal released Automatic clutch closing Engine onAccelerator pedal pressed 3 Extended Start&Stop Priority technologies

16. DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23 rd, 2011 16 What have we to do? Short term Medium term Long term

17. DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23 rd, 2011 17 FUEL CO 2 thermal emission factor [g/kWh t ] Engine efficiency on NEDC Cycle (*) CO 2 mechanical emission factor [g/kWh m ] Gasoline24219%1274reference Diesel24924%1038-19% LPG21519%1132-11% CNG18119%953-25% Fuels with low carbon content (CNG, LPG)

18. DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23 rd, 2011 18 What have we to do? Short term Medium term Long term

19. DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23 rd, 2011 19 Towards alternate resources FOSSIL FUELS BIOFUELS SYNTHETIC FUELS SYNTHETIC FUELS ELECTRICITY RENEWABLES NUCLEAR ( No Hydrogen ! ) sources carriers

20. DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23 rd, 2011 20 The “Integrated Approach” as the only way to sustainability Reducing Road Transport CO 2 Emissions Consumer Information labeling Public procurement Infrastructure and traffic management Eco-driving and driver behaviour Fuels and energy Motor vehicles Taxation and fiscal measures Consumer & Real World Driving Fleet renewal Conventional stand-alone approach Integrated approach

21. DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23 rd, 2011 21 Reducing Road Transport CO 2 Emissions Consumer Information labeling Public procurement Infrastruct ure and traffic manageme nt Eco- driving and driver behavio ur Fuels and energy Motor vehicles Taxation and fiscal measures Consu mer & Real World Drivin g Fleet renewal Traffic management

22. DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23 rd, 2011 22 Pay per use

23. DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23 rd, 2011 23 Transport modes do not compete with each other; in general modes are complementary, mobility credits have to be consumed also using public transport. Accessibility (or availability) of different transport means has to be considered. Mobility credits consuming/road pricing has to be fair and scientifically measurable avoiding any negative side effects. Charging has to be technology neutral. Electric (or hybrids in electric mode) vehicles have also to be charged (CO2 emission for electric power production, space occupancy, congestion impacts). Real time emissions measurements has to be, in medium term, the main criteria to follow. Mobility credits could be more effective to push people to adopt more sustainable behaviour (use smaller/low emission vehicles, adopt different transport modes, etc.) since they will produce not only a cost saving but also an economic resource. OEMs suggestions

24. DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23 rd, 2011 24 Gianfranco Burzio Centro Ricerche FIAT Email gianfranco.burzio@crf.it The OEM perspective on sustainable mobility measures