1. What is Congress’ Role?

2. Congress’ Enumerated Powers Specific powers listed in Article I, Section 8 (see Pg. 318) Specific powers listed in Article I, Section 8 (see Pg. 318)ALSO Power of Consent for Presidential Acts Power of Consent for Presidential Acts Create & regulate new states/territories. Create & regulate new states/territories. Can propose constitutional amendments. Can propose constitutional amendments.

3. Congress’ Implied Powers Necessary and Proper Powers = not expressed in the Constitution. Necessary and Proper Powers = not expressed in the Constitution. First used when Hamilton created the National Bank (1792) First used when Hamilton created the National Bank (1792) Upheld in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819). Upheld in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819). Includes power to create agencies (IRS) Includes power to create agencies (IRS)

4. Congress’ Enforcement Powers First Provided in the 13 th Amendment First Provided in the 13 th Amendment Used this power w/ Commerce Clause to enforce Civil Rights Act 1964 to end discrimination against Blacks. Used this power w/ Commerce Clause to enforce Civil Rights Act 1964 to end discrimination against Blacks. Enforcement Powers shift govt. power away from states toward National Govt. Enforcement Powers shift govt. power away from states toward National Govt.

5. Congress’ Inherent Powers Powers that are so obviously a part of Congress Powers that are so obviously a part of Congress –Ex: Power to conduct investigations –Ex: Power to create committees

6. How does Congress Represent? No limit on the # of terms a rep. can serve. No limit on the # of terms a rep. can serve. Districts are determined by population. Districts are determined by population. Every 10 year census = district lines will be redrawn by state legislatures. Every 10 year census = district lines will be redrawn by state legislatures.

7. Districts must have equal populations. Districts must have equal populations. Gerrymandering: drawing district lines to favor one political party.

8. How Gerrymandering can influence electoral results

9. Changes to Congressional Representation Seventeenth Amendment (1913): direct election of senators Seventeenth Amendment (1913): direct election of senators 1913: House of Reps. capped @ 435 + 5 other members from Washington DC & territories. 1913: House of Reps. capped @ 435 + 5 other members from Washington DC & territories. 3 mill./435 = 1 Rep. per 670,000 people! 3 mill./435 = 1 Rep. per 670,000 people! 1959: Senate capped at 100. 1959: Senate capped at 100.

10. What guides Reps. in Congress? Reps. are both Delegates & Trustees. Reps. are both Delegates & Trustees. Delegate Theory: Reps. mirror their constituents views (Anti-Fed view). Delegate Theory: Reps. mirror their constituents views (Anti-Fed view). Trustee Theory: Reps. gain the trust of their constituents and use their best judgment (Federalist view). Trustee Theory: Reps. gain the trust of their constituents and use their best judgment (Federalist view).

11. How do members of Congress serve their Constituents? 1. Communication 2. Casework 3. Serving Interests