1. US Government

2.  Constitutional Provisions  Article 1 Section 8: Expressed Powers- enumerated powers  Article 1 Section 8 Clause 18: Necessary and Proper Clause- implied powers ▪ Elastic Clause- allowed Congress to expand its role to meet the needs of a growing nation

3. Taxing and Spending Power- power of the purse Authorizes all government spending Revenue laws- taxes All revenue bills must start in the House of Representatives Other Money Powers Borrow money Coin money, regulate value Bankruptcy Law Commerce Power- power to regulate foreign and interstate trade Banking, broadcasting, pollution

4.  Foreign Policy Power- shares powers with president  National defense- treaties, declaration of war, raise armies  Providing for National Growth  Naturalization  New States  Govern federal property- military bases, government buildings, national parks, historic sites  Copyright and Patents  Right to literary, musical or artistic work- lifetime plus 50 years  Right to manufacture, use, and sell and invention- 17 years, option to renew

5.  Power to Choose a President- joint session counts Electoral College results  If no candidate has a majority, the House votes for president and the Senate for vice president  Removal Power- Congress may remove any federal official from office  House- impeachment: formal accusation of misconduct  Senate- trial, 2/3’s vote for removal  Confirmation Power- Senate power to approve presidential appointments of federal officials  Cabinet and subcabinet, regulatory agencies, diplomats, military posts, judiciary, Supreme Court  Ratification Power-Senate power to ratify treaties between the US and foreign nations  Amendment Power- Congressional power to propose amendments

6. Selected Expressed PowersSelected Implied Powers Money Powers  Lay and collect taxes  Borrow money  Establish Bankruptcy laws  Coin, print, and regulate money  Punish Counterfeiters Lay and Collect taxes- Implies the power to support public schools, welfare programs, public housing, etc Borrow Money- Implies the power to maintain the Federal Reserve Board Commerce Powers  Regulate foreign and interstate commerce Regulate Commerce- implies the power to prohibit discrimination in restaurants, hotels, and other public accommodations Military and Foreign Policy Powers  Declare War  Raise, support, and regulate the army and navy  Provide, regulate, and call into service the Militia- National Guard Raise and Support Army- implies the right to draft people in to the armed services Other Legislative Powers  Establish laws of naturalization  Establish and post office  Grant copyrights and patents Establish laws of naturalization- implies the power to limit the number of immigrants to the United States

7.  Investigation Process- conducted by standing or select committee  Witnesses testify at committee hearings  Investigations into IRS, ethics, investments  Consequences- new legislation, removal of officials from office  Continuing review of how effective the executive branch carries out the laws  Practice of Legislative Oversight  Each standing committee must review and study the application, administration and execution of laws

8.  Government of Checks and Balances  Executive responsibilities require congressional cooperation  Making treaties, Appointing officials  Cooperation and conflict- the best relations exist when the president makes few demands on Congress  Constituents and Conflict  President selected by a large national electorate- expected to create policies for the nation as a whole  Congress members selected by states and local districts- expected to create policies for more narrow, specific interests  Party Politics- partisan political differences can affect the relationship between the president and Congress  Republican President and a Democratic Legislature

9.  Struggle for Power- President and Congress will always compete for power  Who dominates depends on various factors ▪ Political issues of the time ▪ Leadership in Congress and Executive Branch  Budget Impoundment-president has taken more responsibility for planning the national budget  Impoundment- president’s refusal to spend money Congress has votes to fund a program