1. Isyllabus Icalendar Iadvice Igenetics intro Igenetics & the organism LECTURE 01: INTRODUCTION

2. SYLLABUS

3. Web Page: http://www.unlv.edu/faculty/debelle/biol300/ SYLLABUS

4. Electures Equizzes Eproblems Etutorials Eexams SYLLABUS

6.  CALENDAR

7.  

8. GRADES

9. Echeating, plagiarism & academic dishonesty Ereligious holidays – notify me by e-Mail Monday, September 1 st Eillness & family emergency SYLLABUS

11. $core course in biology $essential aspect of all biology courses $importance for professional schools $learn vocabulary but... $logic & analyses > memorization & regurgitation $problem-based course, practice $recommend Schaum’s Outline: Genetics $assigned problems  tutorial presentations $don’t understand something? INFORMATION & ADVICE ASK

12. LEARNING SPACED TRAINING ~ study every night MASSED TRAINING ~ cramming MEMORY TIME STUDY HABITS

13. 6 PhDs Roberts Andres $ 750 K

14. LECTURE 01: GENETICS & THE ORGANISM FCH1 key concepts Fvariation Fquantitative methods Fclassical methods Fcomplications

15. Habout: transmission, location, structure, function & variation in genetic material H not about: human genetics, biotechnology, molecular biology (but some) Hgenetic material does 3 things: 1.copy 2.code 3.change GENERAL INTRODUCTION

16. SECTION 1: TRANSMISSION Fpatterns of transmission Fcellular events during meiosis Fcombined for chromosome theory of inheritance (proof published in Genetics 1(1) & 1(2), 1916)

17. CHAPTER 1: KEY CONCEPTS (that you should already know) FDNA = hereditary material FDNA = double helix of 2 wound chains oriented in opposite directions FDNA is copied – chains separate and serve as templates  2 identical daughter DNA molecules Fgenes = functional units of DNA*

18. Fgene = segment DNA sequence transcribed  RNA FRNA is translated  amino acid sequence of protein Fprotein = main determinants of structural and physiological properties of organisms Fspecies characteristics encoded by genes FP = G + E + G*E Fgenetic variation from changed forms of genes CHAPTER 1: KEY CONCEPTS (that you should already know)

19. PHENOTYPIC VARIATION Fcharacters vary in nature FWHY is an evolutionary or ultimate question FHOW is a mechanistic or proximate question Fconcept of inheritance from ancient breeders FGalton: blended characteristics, quantitative phenotypes, measure individuals, continuous variation FMendel: particulate inheritance, qualitative phenotypes, counting individuals, discontinuous variation Fboth concepts of heredity have same physical basis Fdiffer in how they are studied only

20. P = G + E + G*E phenotype = genotype + environment + interaction PHENOTYPIC VARIATION

21. G 1 G 2 PHENOTYPE G ENVIRONMENT E 1 E 2 E 1 E 2 G+E E E 1 E 2 E 1 E 2 G*E NORMS OF REACTION

22. P = G + E + G*E phenotype = genotype + environment + interaction PHENOTYPIC VARIATION where does the E come from ?

23. GENES MESSAGES PEPTIDES PROTEINS PROTEIN COMPLEXES ORGANELLES NEURONS ASSEMBLIES STRUCTURES CIRCUITS NERVOUS SYSTEM WHOLE ANIMAL BEHAVIOR EXPERIENCE ENVIRONMENT PLASTICITY ENVIRONMENT PHENOTYPIC VARIATION

24. P = G + E + G*E phenotype = genotype + environment + interaction PHENOTYPIC VARIATION where does the G come from ?

25. GENETIC COMPONENT Fgenetic variation from alleles = different forms of genes Fcauses polymorphism = multiple phenotypes Fcaused by mutation = change in DNA sequence (natural or induced) Fmutants – many types, very low frequency initially Fterms: gene, allele, locus Fmore terms: wild type, mutant, mutation, mutant allele

26. GENES MESSAGES PEPTIDES PROTEINS PROTEIN COMPLEXES ORGANELLES NEURONS ASSEMBLIES STRUCTURES CIRCUITS NERVOUS SYSTEM WHOLE ANIMAL BEHAVIOR EXPERIENCE ENVIRONMENT PLASTICITY PHENOTYPIC VARIATION

27. GENES MESSAGES PEPTIDES PROTEINS PROTEIN COMPLEXES ORGANELLES NEURONS ASSEMBLIES STRUCTURES CIRCUITS NERVOUS SYSTEM WHOLE ANIMAL BEHAVIOR EXPERIENCE ENVIRONMENT PLASTICITY PHENOTYPIC VARIATION

28. 0 1 FREQUENCY PHENOTYPE 1 gene 1 allele (  = 0) GENETIC COMPONENT

29. 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 FREQUENCY PHENOTYPE 1 gene 2 alleles GENETIC COMPONENT

30. 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 FREQUENCY PHENOTYPE 2 genes 2 alleles GENETIC COMPONENT

31. 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 FREQUENCY PHENOTYPE 1 64 3 genes 14n14n 2 alleles GENETIC COMPONENT

32. 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 FREQUENCY PHENOTYPE many genes many alleles GENETIC COMPONENT

33. H natural sources: H gene # / influence from F 2 phenotype ratios H artificial selection GENETIC COMPONENT

34. QUANTITATIVE METHODS Fis there a genetic component for a trait of interest? Fcan you do artificial selection experiments? – a response indicates genetic components F rate of response indicates number of genes Fwhat types of organisms can be used?

35. xxxx 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 FREQUENCY 0.00 PHENOTYPE GENETIC COMPONENT

37. relax selection 10 15 fixed not GENETIC COMPONENT

38. H induced sources (... stay tuned!): H chemical mutagens – “point” mutations H ionizing radiation – chromosome rearrangements H transposon insertions – disrupt gene activity H transgene expression– block / add / change gene function – qualitative / quantitative – spatial / temporal control H natural sources: H gene # / influence from F 2 phenotype ratios H artificial selection GENETIC COMPONENT

39. CLASSICAL METHODS F isolate or select mutants for process of interest F design of experiment important Fcharacterize genetic change – controlled matings or crosses Fterms: dominant, recessive Fmapping: recombination, physical, insitu hybridization Fmolecular biology: cloning, sequencing, rescue Ffunctional studies: mosaic, complementation, biochemistry, anatomy

40. UNIFIED METHODS (Quantitative + Classical) Fgenomics Fproteomics

41. P = G + E + G*E phenotype = genotype + environment + interaction PHENOTYPIC VARIATION where does the G*E come from ?

42. E1E1 E2E2 G1G1 G2G2 INTERACTION COMPONENT

43. G 1 G 2 PHENOTYPE G ENVIRONMENT E 1 E 2 E 1 E 2 G+E E E 1 E 2 E 1 E 2 G*E NORMS OF REACTION

44. COMPLICATIONS Fexpressivity: strength of phenotype in individuals Fpenetrance: number of individuals of given genotype expressing phenotype Fpolygeny: >1 gene/phenotype Fpleiotropy: >1 phenotype/genotype

45. POLYGENY GENE  GENE  PHENOTYPE GENE      BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAY:       PHENOTYPE   COMPETITION / INHIBITION:   PHENOTYPE     ENZYME CATALYSIS:     PHENOTYPE

46. PLEIOTROPY PHENOTYPE  GENE PHENOTYPE  PHENOTYPE    BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAY:GENE         RELATED PHENOTYPES:GENE       UNRELATED PHENOTYPES:GENE    

47. 1 GENE

48. POLYGENY

49. PLEIOTROPY

51. H phenotype H significance H interesting H invariant WHAT IS A GOOD MODEL ORGANISM ? H convenience H cost H sample size H maintenance H disease H research tools H genetics / genomics H molecular biology H cell biology H pharmacology H physiology H anatomy H ethical issues H organisms H research questions H homology ?