1. PLANT MOLECULAR GENETICS
INTRODUCTION TO
PLANT MOLECULAR GENETICS

2. The study of inherited phenotypes
Genetics
The study of heredity
The study of inherited phenotypes
The study of how differences between individuals are transmitted from one generation to the next
The study of how information in the genes is used in the development and functioning of the organism

3. Genetics Biochemistry
Gene products are studied in vivo through the genes that encode them
Gene products are purified and studied in vitro
Genetic analysis tells you that the product has a role in the process
Biochemistry tells you what a protein can do in vitro
Genetics is the study of inheritance, it doesn’t tell you how direct the role is
Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of living organisms and/or cells, it doesn’t tell you whether it really does it in vivo

4. Three Major Areas of Genetics
Classical Genetics
(Transmission)
Molecular Genetics
Evolutionary Genetics
Mendel’s Principles
Genom
Quantitative Genetics
Meiosis + mitosis
DNA structure
Population Genetics
Sex determination
Chemistry of DNA
Evolution
Sex linkage
Gene expression
Speciation
Chromosomal mapping
Control of gene expression
Cytogenetics
DNA cloning

5. Major Subdisciplines of Genetics
Transmission Genetics: focuses on the transmission of genes and chromosomes in individuals from generation to generation.
Molecular Genetics: focuses on the structure and function of genes at the molecular level.
Evolutionary genetics: focus on the study of genetic basis of changes in organism over time
Population Genetics: focuses on heredity in groups of individuals for traits determined by one or only a few genes.
Quantitative Genetics: focuses on heredity in groups of individuals for traits determined by many genes simultaneously.

6. Molecular Genetics ? Molecular Biology?
Study of the expression, regulation and inheritance of genes at the level of DNA and its transcription products
Understanding the molecular basis of biological processes through studies on the gene
Study of gene structure, function and regulation – below the organism level
Study of genes and how they are expressed
Molecular Basis of Genetics
Molecular Biology?
Study of molecules in cells

7. Molecular Genetics: A Short History
1869
Miescher isolated DNA for the first time
1944
Avery provided evidence that DNA is the genetic material
1953
Watson and Crick proposed the double helix as the structure of DNA
1957
Kornberg discovered DNA polymerase
1961
Marmer and Doty discovered DNA renaturation
1962
Arber, Nathans and Smith discovered restriction endonucleases
1966
Nirenberg, Ochoa, and Khorana figured out the genetic code.

8. Molecular Genetics: A Short History
1967
Geller discovered DNA ligase
Boyer, Cohen and Berg develop DNA cloning techniques
1975
Southern developed gel-transfer hybridization
Sanger and Barrel and Maxam and Gilbert developed rapid DNA sequencing methods
Palmiter and Brinster produced transgenic mice
Spradling and Rubin produced transgenic fruit flies
1985
Mullis and colleagues invented the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

9. The Molecular Basis of Genetics ?

10. The Molecular Basis of Genetics ?

11. Genes, regulatory sequences
The Molecular Basis of Genetics ?
Genome
Genes, regulatory sequences
Others?
RNA
Polypeptides

12. The Molecular Basis of Genetics ?
Genome
Chromosome
Gene
DNA/RNA
Nucleic Acid
Protein
Amino Acid

13. The Molecular Basis of Genetics ?
Genome
Total genetic information carried by a single set of chromosome in a haploid nucleus
Chromosome
A DNA – histone protein thread, usually associated with RNA, occurring in the nucleus of a cell
Chromosomes contain hundreds of genes encoded within their DNA.
Gene
segment of a chromosome that contains the heredity traits of an organism
DNA
Double stranded form of genetic material of organisms

14. The Molecular Basis of Genetics ?
RNA
Single stranded form of genetic material of organisms result of the DNA
transcription
Nucleotide
Unit structure of nucleic acid
Protein
a polymer that has a high relative molecular mass of amino acids
Polypeptide
a linear polymer that consists of ten or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Amino Acid
An organic compound containing an acidic carboxyl group and a basic amino group

15. INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR GENETICS
Genome
Genetic Material (DNA & RNA)
DNA structure
Chemistry of DNA
Gene expression (transcription and translation)
Control of gene expression
Molecular tool
DNA cloning

16. B – D → 45 – 80 (Normal distribution)
Grading system
Grade : 0 – 100
A > 80
B – D → 45 – 80 (Normal distribution)
E < 45
Grade composition
Home work : 30
Mid-term
Final Exam 40