1. classification

2. Classification taxonomy
science of grouping and naming organisms based on shared characteristics

3. Purpose for classifying organisms
Classification
Classification
Purpose for classifying organisms
brings order to the diversity of life
allows identification of new organisms
basis for scientifically naming organisms
universal standard for communication

4. common names can often be misleading
Classification
Classification
common names can often be misleading
jellyfish, starfish, cuttlefish, silverfish

5. common names can often be misleading
Classification
Classification
common names can often be misleading
mountain lion, puma, cougar, panther

6. common names can often be misleading ringworm, mealworm, acorn worm
Classification
common names can often be misleading
ringworm, mealworm, acorn worm
Classification
fungus
insect larva
aquatic worm

7. History of classification Aristotle (350B.C.)
placed all known organisms into two groups
animals & plants

8. History of classification Carolus Linnaeus (1750) father of taxonomy
classified organisms by
physical & structural similarities
places organisms into Species
places species into Genera
introduced binomial nomenclature
written in Latin (Genus, species)

9. Correctly naming organisms scientifically
Classification
Classification
Correctly naming organisms scientifically
First name: Genus (First letter CAPITALIZED)
second name: Species (all lower case)
underline (if hand written) or italicized (computer)
ex: Eastern grey squirrel
Sciurus carolinensis

10. Classification
Classification
classification provides a framework in which to study the relationships among living and extinct species

11. Evolutionary Relationships structural similarities
Classification
Evolutionary Relationships
structural similarities
many shared physical structures provide evidence of close relationship and common ancestry
ex: Lynx & Bobcat

12. Evolutionary Relationships structural similarities
Classification
Evolutionary Relationships
structural similarities
ex: dandelion & sunflower

13. Evolutionary Relationships geographical distribution
Classification
Evolutionary Relationships
geographical distribution
location of a species help determine relationship with other species
ex: finches on the Galapogos

14. Evolutionary Relationships chromosomal comparison
Classification
Evolutionary Relationships
chromosomal comparison
chromosome number and shape
ex: cauliflower, cabbage, kale, broccoli
chromosomes are
almost identical

15. Evolutionary Relationships biochemistry
Classification
Evolutionary Relationships
biochemistry
looks at DNA and similar proteins
ex: horseshoe crab
originally classified with Crustacea

16. Evolutionary Relationships ex: horseshoe crab
Classification
Evolutionary Relationships
ex: horseshoe crab
originally classified with Crustacea
better classified as Arachnida

17. Evolutionary Relationships Breeding behavior
Classification
Evolutionary Relationships
Breeding behavior
mating calls or mating periods
ex: frogs, birds

18. Evolutionary Relationships developing the evolutionary history
Classification
Evolutionary Relationships
developing the
evolutionary history
of an organism is
phylogeny

19. Evolutionary Relationships phylogeny of all life
Classification
Evolutionary Relationships
phylogeny of all life

20. Evolutionary Relationships cladogram model
Classification
Evolutionary Relationships
cladogram model
shows evolutionary relationships between organisms

21. Evolutionary Relationships cladogram model
Classification D E C B A

22. Domain – broadest classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Taxonomic Hierarchy
Domain – broadest classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species – most specific
sometimes -subspecies (animals),
varieties (plants)
strains (bacteria)
D K P C O F G S

23. classification of human? Domain – Eukarya Kingdom – Anamilia
Taxonomic Hierarchy
classification of human?
Domain – Eukarya
Kingdom – Anamilia
Phylum – Chordata
Class – Mammalia
Order – Primate
Family – Homididae
Genus – Homo
Species – Sapien
Binomial name?
Homo sapien

24. History of Classification 1700’s Aristotle’s system Plantae & Animalia

25. History of Classification Late 1800’s
with the use of the microscope, new kingdom was found
Plantae, Animalia & Protista

26. History of Classification 1950’s
New tool - electron microscope, new kingdom was found without a nucleus
Plantae, Animalia, Protista & Monera (bacteria)

27. History of Classification 1960’s
Biochemical studies showed difference in cell wall composition (split up one of our Kingdoms)
Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Monera & Fungi
Classification
chitin

28. History of Classification 1990’s
Structural and biochemical studies found difference in cell wall of some Monerans
Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria & Fungi
Classification
peptidoglycan

29. developed from looking at ribosomal RNA Bacteria – Eubacteria
Classification
Current System
3 Domain system
developed from looking at ribosomal RNA
Bacteria – Eubacteria
Archea – Archaebacteria
Eukarya – Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protista

30. Current System 3 Domain system
Classification
Current System
3 Domain system

31. Tools for classification field guide
gives physical description of species
may show range (locations it lives in)
gives picture of species

32. Tools for classification dichotomous key
uses sets of paired (usually opposite) traits to help classify a species
Classification
Geospiza
Platyspiza
Certhidea
Camarhynchus