1. 1. Become familiar with evidence on relationship between democracy and: 1.Economic class balance/ structure. 2.Education. 3.Religion. 4.Political Culture. 5.Facilitating Events. 2. Assess persuasiveness of causal links.

2.  A certain balance of relations among classes is necessary. ◦ Esp. middle class/ bourgeoisie (Aristotle, Moore).  Argued middle class “moderate” for various reasons – sheer numbers or position “in middle”.  Bourgeoisie crucial due to autonomous income. ◦ Powerful landowning class can hinder.

3. Education

4. Economic growth Democracy

5.  Predicted 74-75 “free” countries (Freedom House measures) by 2020.  Actually 87 “free” countries by those measures in 2010.

6. EducationEconomic growth Democracy Directly Indirectly

7. Religion

8.  1988: 39/46 democratic countries dominant Christian  Reasons? ◦ Emphasis on autonomy and dignity of individual? ◦ Separation between church and state?

9.  Pre-1900: ¾ of democratic countries.  Catholicism considered hindrance until 3 rd wave.

10.  Pre-1960s: Catholic Church associated with powerful elites in society. ◦ Mid-1960s: Church began to oppose authoritarian regimes (“liberation theology”) ◦ Influence on Brazil, Chile, Philippines, Poland transitions.

11.  Persistent set of undemocratic countries.  Possible difficulties reconciling restrictions on participation with democratic principles.  Yet 2/3 of Muslims live in democratic regimes.  Manji: Problem is with Islamist political ideology. Manji  Ibrahim: problem not with Islam but history and rulers on Arab peninsula.

12.  Considered mostly unimportant now.

13. Civic Culture

14.  “Civic political culture” necessary for stable democracy.  Citizens: ◦ Feel competent ◦ Have urge to participate ◦ Are tolerant of diversity ◦ Are positive towards their political institutions  Problem: causal direction between democracy and civic culture?

15.  Alexis de Tocqueville: Democracy in America  Robert Putnam: Making Democracy Work  “civic community” in northern Italy

16. Civic CultureDemocracy

17. 1. Economic crisis 2. Losing a major military conflict

18.  Performance as source of legitimacy for recent authoritarian regimes.  Legitimacy to particular government rather than procedures of regime.

19.  Democratic regimes: legitimacy of regime rules and procedures as well as current government.

20.  Economic Crisis ◦ E.g. oil crises 1973-4 and 1979  Oil-importing countries suffered.  Loss of Major Military Conflict ◦ Argentina (Falklands-Malvinas) ◦ Greece (Cyprus) ◦ Portugal (colonial wars) ◦ USSR (Afghanistan)