1. I. Managing populations that are in “decline” A.Providing Resources B.Controlling Threats C.Direct Manipulation D.Ex situ Conservation

2. A) Providing resources for populations 1)Food/nutrients, Water 2)Physical environments 3)Managing Interactions

3. Providing food, nutrients

4. Houbara bustard Mountain Gazelle

5. Providing a physical environment

6. Providing species interactions

7. B) Controlling threats

8.  Banning the trade of species products (CITES) - CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments. http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/species.shtml http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/species.shtml

9. Controlling Competitors Controlling Competitors

10. 1) Translocation a.Introducing organisms into new sites b.Reintroducing organisms into sites which they have been extirpated c.Augmenting or supplementing small populations

11. Assisted migration, on the horizon? Proposed method of transferring butterflies hundreds of miles to a cooler place where the plants it depends on for food are shifting their growing seasons to-

12. 2) Artificial Breeding a.Double-clutching: removing one set of eggs to induce an animal to produce a second clutch, incubating the initial clutch elsewhere (useful in bird populations) b.Cross-fostering: c.Head-starting: reduce mortality during the short time when young are vulnerable d.Artificial Insemination and Embryo transfer e.Hatcheries:

13. 3) Ex situ conservation Removal of individuals or groups from their natural habitat into captivity, either to breed or to maintain a genetic stock Studbooks: (history of each individual in a population) –Pedigrees, capture site, genetic & demographic identity –http://www.aza.org/ConScience/ConScienceStudList/http://www.aza.org/ConScience/ConScienceStudList/ Species Survival Program (coordinated effort)

14. Why does captive breeding work better for some species than others?

15. Ex situ conservation: Philosophical problem?

16. Disadvantages of captive breeding 1.Can endanger remaining small wild populations 2.Difficult to maintain large enough population size to prevent inbreeding depression 3.Captive populations may undergo selection, adapting them to captive conditions 4.Loss of learned behavior can occur under captive conditions

17. Captive-bred reintroductions

18. For reintroduction to work: YOU NEED A SELF-SUSTAINING CAPTIVE POPULATION REQUIRE A SUITABLE AMOUNT OF ADEQUATE AND PROTECTED HABITAT EFFECTIVE TECHNIQUES TO PREPARE ANIMALS FOR REINTRODUCTION