1. PowerPoint Presentation
Publisher The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Tinley Park, Illinois 1

2. Introduction to Computer-Aided Drafting and Design
Chapter 5
Introduction to Computer-Aided Drafting and Design 2

3. Chapter 5 Overview What Is CADD? Why Use CADD?
Architectural CADD Applications
CADD Workstation
Selecting a CADD Package
General purpose CADD packages.
AEC CADD packages. 3

4. Learning Objectives Explain computer-aided drafting and design.
Identify common applications for CADD in architecture.
List the components of a typical CADD workstation.
Identify features of CADD software and how they should be evaluated.
Explain the advantages of AEC-specific CADD software. 4

5. What is CADD?
CADD is an acronym for computer-aided drafting and design.
CADD is a tool to make drawings.
A CADD drafter using the appropriate software can:
Plan a part, structure, or product.
Modify a design without having to redraw.
Call up symbols or base drawings .
Duplicate forms and shapes.
(continued) 5

6. What is CADD? All types of drawings can be produced with CADD.
Produce schedules and analyses.
Produce hard copies of complete drawings.
All types of drawings can be produced with CADD.
The computer can range from an off-the-shelf PC to a networked mainframe.
Software is the instructions that makes the hardware perform intended tasks. 6
(continued)

7. What is CADD?
Initially, CAD referred to computer-aided drafting, but now includes design, too.
CADD is larger in scope than CAD and includes design, analyses, and drafting.
CADD is used for all applications throughout the text. 7

8. CADD Drawing 8
(Autodesk, Inc.)

9. CADD Drawing 9
(Sater Design Collection, Inc.)

10. CADD Drawing 10
(Helmuth A. Geiser, Member AIBD )

11. Why Use CADD? There are many reasons to use CADD:
CADD saves time and money.
CADD provides easy revisions and copies.
Some CADD packages automatically update schedules. 11

12. CADD Increases Productivity
CADD provides for better and faster communication.
CADD produces higher-quality work.
Changes are easy to make with CADD.
CADD symbols libraries reduce work.
Time is saved when drawing repetitive features. 12

13. CADD Symbols Library
These tree symbols are stored in a symbols library. Any of these symbols can be quickly inserted into a plot plan CADD drawing, repeatedly if needed. 13
(Prime Computer, Inc. )

14. Detail Used as a Symbol
This complex window framing detail can be inserted into any drawing as required. The time saved is enormous. 14

15. CADD Increases Flexibility
Flexibility is one advantage of using a CADD system to generate drawings.
A drawing may be:
Plotted at any scale.
Plotted in several colors.
Developed in sequential steps.
Presented on a variety of media.
CADD can also share data with others. 15

16. CADD Encourages Uniformity
CADD drawings possess a high degree of uniformity.
CADD symbols are reproduced exactly the same every time.
The designer must have a solid background in the fundamentals to create meaningful drawings. 16

17. CADD Encourages Uniformity
Poor line quality is not an issue.
Smudged lines or sloppy lettering are not problems with CADD-generated drawings.
There is no degradation in quality from repeated duplication, as is the case with hand-created drawings. 17

18. Repetitive Use of Symbols18

19. Consistent Line Quality19
(Original drawing courtesy of Autodesk, Inc. )

20. Scale in CADD Drawing
CADD is not confused by the use of several scales.
Using several scales is a source of errors in manual drafting.
Objects are drawn at their true size in CADD.
Drawings may be plotted at any scale.
There is less chance of errors with CADD. 20

21. Architectural CADD Applications
There are obvious applications for CADD in architecture:
Construction drawings: floor plans, foundation plans, elevations, details, etc.
Schedule automation.
Renderings.
Animations. 21

22. CADD Schedule Automation
Window, door, and plumbing fixture schedules, etc., can be produced.
Automatic update is available when an attribute is changed. 22

23. CADD Renderings
Renderings are used to show the product to clients or for publication.
Computerized renderings are possible using CADD.
Mid-range to high-end CADD systems are generally needed to produce CADD renderings. 23

24. CADD Animation Animation is similar to cartoons.
Can show movement of doors and windows, lighting, and materials.
Animation can show a representation of the completed structure.
Mid-range to high-end CADD systems are required for animation. 24

25. Animation Application
This interior room is being shown with animated sunlight. 25
(Eric K. Augspurger)

26. CADD Workstation
A CADD workstation consists of a computer or processor, monitor, graphics adapter, input device, and hardcopy device.
Common PCs can run CADD programs.
Stand-alone systems can be connected in a network.
Information sharing is possible.
Computing power is in each machine. 26
(continued)

27. CADD Workstation
Some CADD programs are designed to run on a type of computer called a miniframe or mainframe.
These machines are generally connected to terminals (networked).
Computing is performed in the mainframe.
A miniframe system functions like a mainframe, but is usually smaller. 27

28. CADD Workstation 28

29. Computer Components Central Processing Unit (CPU) Output Devices
Processor, RAM, input/output interfaces.
Output Devices
Monitor.
Hard copy output device (printer or plotter).
Input Devices
Keyboard: most common command input device.
Mouse or digitizer puck. 29

30. Computer Storage Devices
Purpose: save data for future use.
Types of storage devices:
Hard drives.
Floppy drives.
CD-R/CD-RW drives.
Tape drives.
Zip drives.
Optical drives. 30

31. CADD Display Types
The display device is typically referred to as the monitor or “screen.”
Most monitors are cathode ray tubes.
Another type is a liquid crystal display.
Monitors are measured diagonally; choose a 21" or larger monitor.
The video card transmits data from the CPU to the monitor. 31

32. CADD Input Devices
An input device is a way to provide the computer with information.
The most common input device is the keyboard.
Mouse is second most common device
Variations of input devices include trackball, digitizer puck, and light pens. 32

33. CADD Input Devices
Puck and stylus. 33
(Kurta )

34. CADD Output Devices The monitor is the most common output device.
There are several ways to produce a hard copy.
Hard copy devices include:
Pen plotters: Plot vectors, slow, good copy.
Laser printers/plotter: Produce raster image, fast, generally print black only.
(continued) 34

35. CADD Output Devices
Inkjet printers and inkjet plotters: Produce raster image, fast, print color.
Inkjet printers produce small-size prints.
Inkjet plotters produce up to E-size plots.
Each output device has advantages and disadvantages, be sure of your needs before purchasing an output device. 35

36. Selecting a CADD Package
There is a wide variety of CADD programs on the market, ranging from very basic to fully 3D-capable programs.
You must first know what you want to accomplish with the software.
2D (low end) versus 3D (high end).
The answers to these questions may help you make the right decision:
How easy is the program to use? 36
(continued)

37. Selecting a CADD Package
What are the hardware requirements of the package?
Does the program require special hardware?
How well does the package meet your needs?
What kind of warranty does it provide?
What are specific features of the software?
How much does it cost? 37

38. CADD Program Categories
CADD programs are separated into two broad groups:
General purpose CADD packages: Designed for typical mechanical and general drawing.
AEC-specific CADD packages: Contain additional functions for the architect or construction technologist. 38

39. General Purpose CADD Packages
General purpose CADD packages are available to meet a wide range of needs.
The following items are main features of most general purpose CADD packages.
Objects
The basic elements to create drawings.
Lines, points, circles, etc.
Other objects such as polylines, fillets, or chamfers may be available.
(continued) 39

40. General Purpose CADD Packages
Dimensions
Dimensioning a drawing properly is one of the fundamentals of drafting.
Most packages provide for automatic dimensioning.
(continued) 40

41. General Purpose CADD Packages
This CADD program allows you to choose from a variety of hatch patterns.
(continued) 41

42. General Purpose CADD Packages
Hatch Patterns
Hatching is an important feature of any drawing requiring a section view.
It is also used to represent exterior materials on elevations.
The more patterns included, the better.
Text
The ability to place text on a drawing is very important.
(continued) 42

43. General Purpose CADD Packages
The software should have good text support.
Lettering style is very important and should accept an architectural font.
Editing
The ability to edit a drawing is one of the most important aspects of CADD.
Editing includes copying, erasing, moving, scaling, rotating, trimming, etc.
(continued) 43

44. General Purpose CADD Packages
Layers, Colors, and Linetypes
Layers are similar to transparent drawing sheets on which you can draw.
This feature is especially useful in creating drawings that must relate to each other.
Object display color aids in communication.
Linetypes help give a drawing definition.
(continued) 44

45. General Purpose CADD Packages
The ability to choose from an unlimited number of display colors is a big advantage of high- end CADD programs.
(continued) 45

46. General Purpose CADD Packages
Coordinate and Command Entry
The ability to tell the software where to place objects is necessary.
These instructions are called commands and can be entered from a pull-down menu, screen menu, etc.
Drawing Units
Most CADD programs support different units of measure.
(continued) 46

47. General Purpose CADD Packages
Commonly supported units include architectural, engineering, scientific, and decimal.
Angular units are also needed.
Display Controls
Most drawings are much larger than the computer screen.
The functions that allow you to change the magnification factor are called display controls.
(continued) 47

48. General Purpose CADD Packages
You will need a variety of display controls.
Drawing Aids
Drawing aids help you locate position on screen and on existing objects.
Common drawing aids include display grid, grid snap, object snap, etc.
Printing or Plotting
Nearly all CADD programs provide a printing or plotting function.
(continued) 48

49. General Purpose CADD Packages
Printing is creates a hard copy of the drawing.
Program Customization
This includes displaying and hiding toolbars, modifying menus, or writing macros.
Experienced CADD users will use these tools.
(continued) 49

50. General Purpose CADD Packages
3D Capability
Three-dimensional modeling is an advanced capability of some CADD programs.
3D modeling creates a “virtual” object in the computer that can be colored, rotated, and often animated.
There are two basic types of 3D models: surface and solid models.
(continued) 50

51. General Purpose CADD Packages
Three-dimensional modeling was used to produce this architectural rendering.
(continued) 51
(Helmuth A. Geiser, Member AIBD )

52. General Purpose CADD Packages
The general trend in 3D modeling is toward creating solid models.
Data Exchange
The ability to share data with other software is important for most applications.
Be sure that the program you purchase supports importing and exporting a variety of file types. 52

53. AEC CADD Packages
Architectural, engineering, and construction (AEC) programs are designed for a specific field.
Generally include everything in general purpose CADD programs.
Also include additional tools and features for use in the AEC fields.
(continued) 53

54. AEC CADD Packages Schedule Generation Space Diagram Generation
Data taken from drawing attributes.
Automatic generation is a time saver.
Space Diagram Generation
Some AEC programs will convert a space diagram into a floor plan.
Wall intersection cleanup also possible.
(continued) 54

55. AEC CADD Packages
Space diagram generation—Example of a space diagram converted automatically to a plan view with assigned wall thicknesses.
(continued) 55

56. AEC CADD Packages
Stair generation is often included in AEC CADD packages. The drafter enters basic data:
Finished-floor-to-finished floor height.
Stair width.
Run of stairs.
Type of stairs: Wood, metal, or concrete. 56

57. Automatic Stair Generation
Stairs generated from attributes. 57
(Prime Computer, Inc. )

58. AEC CADD Packages
Hatch patterns are offered by AEC programs that are specifically designed for the field.
Examples include shingles, brick, earth, sand, stone, concrete, foliage.
These patterns may be difficult to create if not included in the program. 58
(continued)

59. AEC CADD Packages Walls may be generated by one or more methods.
Directly from space diagrams.
As continuous walls.
From dimensions.
Features such as intersection cleanup and wall thickness specification are great time savers.
(continued) 59

60. AEC CADD Packages
AEC drawings typically contain many symbols that represent various features:
Standard door types.
Standard window types.
Plumbing symbols.
Electrical and lighting symbols.
HVAC symbols.
Furniture symbols.
Tree and plant symbols. 60
(continued)

61. AEC CADD Packages Standard Door and Window Types Structural Symbols
Doors and windows require considerable time to draw from scratch.
A good AEC CADD program will include all of the standard door and window symbols.
Structural Symbols
Structural symbols are a necessity for commercial work, but also used in residential design (I-beams, U-channel). 61
(continued)

62. AEC CADD Packages Plumbing Symbols
AEC programs include standard plumbing symbols in a library.
Typical symbols include tub, lavatory, shower stall, water closet, bidet, plumbing lines, and valves.
Programs with 3D capabilities also provide 3D pipe symbols.
(continued) 62

63. AEC CADD Packages Electrical and Lighting Symbols
An electrical plan is usually required in a set of construction drawings.
Electrical symbols are simple to draw, but a plan may contain hundreds of symbols.
Most AEC programs include electrical symbols.
(continued) 63

64. AEC CADD Packages HVAC Symbols
An HVAC plan is sometimes included in a set of residential drawings.
HVAC symbols may not be included.
(continued) 64

65. AEC CADD Packages Tree and Plant Symbols
These symbols are used on plot plans and landscape plans.
Usually drawn in the plan or elevation view, but 3D views are available with some AEC programs.
Furniture and Appliance Symbols
Symbols for typical furniture pieces are generally included in most AEC programs.
(continued) 65

66. AEC CADD Packages Title Symbols and Construction Details
Title symbols include meridian arrows, revision triangles, drawing titles, scales, and tags.
Construction details are usually created by individual users or companies.
Vehicle Symbols
These symbols range from block representations to detailed views.
(continued) 66

67. AEC CADD Packages
Construction details can be stored as symbols in a library. 67
(Prime Computer, Inc.)

68. Glossary AEC-Specific CADD Packages.
Software that typically has the same functions as a general purpose program, but also includes functions useful to an architect or construction technologist.
Animation.
A type of presentation drawing that shows motion, either through the movement of objects or the viewer’s viewpoint.
CADD.
Acronym for computer-aided drafting and design. 68

69. Glossary CADD Workstation.
A computer “system” that generally consists of a computer or processor, monitor, graphics adapter, input and pointing device, and hard copy device.
Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Contains the processor, RAM, and input/output interfaces.
Commands.
Instructions for the software.
Digitizer Puck.
An input device, similar to a mouse, used for CADD drafting. 69

70. Glossary Display Controls.
Software commands that allow you to change the magnification factor of the view or the view itself.
Drawing Aids.
CADD commands and functions that help you locate position on screen and on existing objects.
General Purpose CADD Package.
Software that is usually designed for making typical mechanical drawings and other general drafting applications.
Inkjet Printers/Plotters.
Raster devices that are fast, quiet, and easy to use. 70

71. Glossary Input Device. A way to provide the computer with information.
Laser Printers/Plotters.
These devices produce an output (raster image) in much the same way as an office copy machine.
Layers.
Similar to transparent drawing sheets on which you can draw, they allow various parts of a CADD drawing to be placed on different “sheets” or layers.
Light Pens.
Devices that work with a tablet menu, like a puck. 71

72. Glossary
Mainframe.
Consists of a common processing unit centrally-located that is connected, or networked, to many remote terminals.
Miniframe.
Similar to a mainframe, but generally smaller.
Monitor.
The display device or “screen” used on a computer system.
Network.
Several computers connected that can share information through the network wiring. 72

73. Glossary
Objects.
The basic elements used to create CADD drawings, such as lines, points, circles, arcs, and boxes.
Output Device.
A means of obtaining information from a computer. The monitor is the most common output device.
Pen Plotter.
An output device in which the paper and pen move to plot vectors (object lines) in the drawing.
Rendering.
A presentation drawing generated by a CADD system that is “shaded” or “colored.” 73

74. Glossary
Software.
Instructions that enable the computer hardware to perform the intended task.
Storage Devices.
Save data for later use by placing the data on storage media.
Symbols Library.
A collection of standard shapes and symbols typically grouped by application that can be inserted into a CADD drawing.
Video Card.
Device that sends data from the CPU to the monitor. 74