1. Sustainable Tourism Qian Li qianli2@illinois.edu Department of Recreation, Sport and Tourism

2. Tourism industry Tourism has become one of the largest economic sectors globally, accounting for about 9% of the world GDP. In 2013, the total number of international tourist arrivals reached a record of 1087 million arrivals.

3. Tourism is almost wholly dependent on the environment but also consumes natural resources. Natural resources (beaches, seas, mountains, lakes, rivers etc.) and man made resources (historic cities, heritage buildings and sites, monuments etc.) constitute the primary source of tourism. Any degradation of the primary sources is likely to lead to a decline of tourism. Environmental Impacts of Tourism

4. Tourism is a thirsty industry. Water is critical resource for tourism. The tourism industry generally overuses water resources for hotels, swimming pools, spas, golf courses, and ski. People use more water when they travel than at home. Water Consumption

5. Indonesia is seen as a premier surf destination/travel spot for the surf community. More than 100 million Indonesians lack access to clean water. Unsafe drinking water easily leads to diarrhea, the 2nd leading cause of death for Indonesian children. Nearly 70% of water used is from contaminated resources. North Bali has one of the highest infant mortality rates in Indonesia. Indonesia is seen as a premier surf destination/travel spot for the surf community. More than 100 million Indonesians lack access to clean water. Unsafe drinking water easily leads to diarrhea, the 2nd leading cause of death for Indonesian children. Nearly 70% of water used is from contaminated resources. North Bali has one of the highest infant mortality rates in Indonesia. Water Consumption: Bali

6. Study finds visitors to Bali use 16 times as much water as locals, causing conflict and disease (e.g., cholera). Researchers have uncovered huge inequalities in consumption and access to water supplies between tourists and the local populations. Water Consumption: Bali " While hotels may have the money and resources to ensure their guests enjoy several showers a day, swimming pools, a round of golf, and lush landscaped gardens, neighboring households, small businesses and agricultural producers can regularly endure severe water scarcity." --The Charity Tourism Concern.

7. South Bali is often suffering a severe shortage of water. In some parts of South Bali local residents are compelled to purchase fresh water from roving trucks to meet their daily household water needs. Water supplies to hotels in South Bali, however, remain largely unaffected and no water rationing programs are in operation at this time. Water Consumption: Bali

8. Zanibar’s Water Crisis: Over the years, Zanzibar’s sea levels have risen to erode beaches and contaminate some of the island’s fresh water supply Many wells are filled with salt water because of the rising sea around Zanzibar island. Locals have to walk miles to get drinkable water. Zanibar’s Water Crisis: Over the years, Zanzibar’s sea levels have risen to erode beaches and contaminate some of the island’s fresh water supply Many wells are filled with salt water because of the rising sea around Zanzibar island. Locals have to walk miles to get drinkable water. Zanzibar, India

9. Very few hotels undertake any water conservation methods Many residents in NE report daily struggles to access sufficient water Water supply for many is electricity dependent. “The hotels have generators and can get water all the time… they are our neighbors, but refused us even one bucket full.” Anger has led communities to cut hotels’ water pipes, so water sources and pipelines are now guarded 24/7 by armed hotel guards. Water conflict: Zanzibar

10. Golf course maintenance can also deplete fresh water resources. In recent years golf tourism has increased in popularity and the number of golf courses has grown rapidly. Golf courses require an enormous amount of water every day and, as with other causes of excessive extraction of water, this can result in water scarcity. If the water comes from wells, over pumping can cause saline intrusion into groundwater. Water Consumption: Golf Course

11. Other environmental issues Solid waste and littering : In areas with high concentration of tourist activities, waste disposal is a serious issue. Improper disposal can be a major despoiler of the natural environment (e.g., rivers, shorelines, forests, and mountain areas). Physical impacts from tourist activities : In nature-based areas, tourist activities can cause direct physical impacts on ecosystems and host communities.

12. Environmental education for tourists Environmental education programs for tourists – Increase tourists’ knowledge regarding the attractions they visit (e.g., natural resources, species types, existing environmental issues, etc.). – Bring tourists’ awareness of the potential impacts of their activities on environment (e.g., water pollution, energy consumption, disruption of ecosystem, etc.). – Improve tourists’ attitudes towards pro-environmental behaviors.

13. Environmental education for tourists Pro-environmental behaviors – Specific pro-environmental behaviors (what tourists do at destinations) Choose eco-friendly hotels (reuse of towels, recycling, etc.), join eco-friendly tours (organized by tour operators that consider environmental issues), remove litter at a tourist site, etc. – General pro-environmental behaviors (what tourists do at home)