1. URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Movement Structure & Systems
Dr. Sujata S. Govada, HKU/UD&PCL
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

2. INTRODUCTION Urban Structure/Pattern/Form Transportation – Multi-modal
Transit Metropolis
International Experience
Regional Experience
Local Experience
Sustainable Transport
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

3. URBAN STRUCTURE, PATTERN AND FORM
Location & natural setting
Topography and landscape
Transportation network
Historical, planning development context
Land use & density standards
Built environment & public realm
Environmental sustainability
Decision making - policy & strategy
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

4. DEVELOPMENT PATTERN
The road and rail network forms basis for the development of urban pattern and structure
Trends of past city growth determine direction of high, medium and low density development
Very difficult to reverse major development trends unless with strong and deliberate govt. initiatives
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

5. TYPES OF URBAN PATTERNS
LINEAR
GRID
LOOPED & CUL DE SAC
RADIAL
BRANCHED
POLYCENTRIC
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

6. LINEAR PATTERN
Flow primarily between two points, typically found along railroads, canals and highways, transit supportive
Lack of focus
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

7. GRID PATTERN
Simplicity, regularity, ease of layout, convenient access, good orientation, good on level land, complex dist. flow, can be of human scale
Visual monotony, disregard of topography, vulnerability to through traffic, lack of differentiation heavy/light
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

8. LOOPED AND CUL DE SAC
Typically internal residential streets low volume traffic flow, automobile oriented
Deters through traffic, promotes slower traffic
Safe and calm
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

9. RADIAL PATTERN Good direct line of travel, transit supportive, rail
Not good when neither origin nor destination are related to centre, difficult for service, causes problems in local flow, difficult building sites
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

10. FINGER OR BRANCHED PATTERN
Favors the specialization of major vs. Minor arteries, makes the intersection problem manageable by distributing instead of concentrating on the centre, transit supportive
Very sensitive to interruptions at single point
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

11. POLYCENTRIC PATTERN
Dominant centre and sub centres, with green belts between radial corridors, connected by ring roads as bypass
Good for public transit
Sub centres need not necessarily play supporting role to the centre
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

12. Road Based Pattern
A built form primarily geared towards the automobile
Eg. Los Angeles Irvine , USA
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

13. TRANSIT METROPOLIS
A built form and a mobility environment where transit is used as a better alternative to cars
Adaptive cities
Adaptive transit
Strong core cities
Hybrids
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

14. ADAPTIVE CITIES
Metropolises with strong CBDs and outlying communities and sub centres connected to their centres via rail
Stockholm
Copenhagen
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

15. ADAPTIVE TRANSIT
Spread out, low density development is accepted as a given and transit services are adjusted to the environment
Seattle
Edmonton
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

16. HYBRIDS
Regions striking a balance between adapting their landscapes and transit services- polycentric city
Curitiba
Ottawa
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

17. STRONG CORE CITIES
Reinforce established development patterns and inner city revitalization sought more compact transit-supportive built forms
Zurich
Melbourne
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

18. TRANSPORTATION – PRIVATE TRANSPORT
Low densities
Individual
Faster, direct
Longer commutes
Inefficient
Traffic congestion
Air pollution
Sprawl
Divides community
Cars/mini vans
Bicycles
Pedestrian
Alternate modes
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

19. TRANSPORTATION -PUBLIC TRANSIT
High densities
Indirect
Efficient
Shorter distances
Compact
Community
Environmental
Urban rail
Buses
Trams
Taxis
Ferries
Newer modes
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

20. TRAFFIC/TRANSIT COORDINATION
Modal interchanges - public transport interchanges
Points of transition – rail, bus, taxi, car etc.
Balance between modes – private/public
Carparks and termini
Regulation and road taxes
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

21. INTERNATIONAL & LOCAL REGIONAL EXPERIENCE
The European experience
The American experience
Regional & Local
Singapore experience
Hong Kong experience
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

22. THE EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE
ZURICH
Transit first policies
Highest rate of transit usage
Efficient management of road space
Neighborhood traffic calming
Deeply discounted fares
Customer loyalty recognition
STOCKHOLM
Post-war planning
Underground rail
Highway network
VENICE
Road/rail causeway
Canals/motor boats
Pedestrian network
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

23. THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE
CHARACTERISTICS
Freeway/carpark
Downtown
Suburban sprawl
Low density
Scattered dev.
Unlimited land resources
Growth boundaries
Rail transit
CITIES
New York
Washington dc
Chicago
San Francisco
Los Angeles
Portland
Boston
Toronto
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

24. TORONTO – TRANSIT METROPOLIS
Best North American example of rail transit’s city shaping abilities
Integration of transportation and land use planning by addressing differing transportation demands between areas both at:
Local level
Regional level
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

25. TORONTO – PROACTIVE PLAN
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

26. TORONTO’S TRANSIT DEVELOPMENT
Density bonuses
Park and ride constraints
TDRs
Supplemental land aquisitions
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

27. TORONTO TRANSPORT POLICY
TDM measures- transportation demands and new development
Targeted growth areas – reduce auto dependency
Maximum density around transit corridors
Off street and shared parking
Bicycle and walking measures
Efficient goods movement
Moving goods and people
Fewer and shorter trips
Public transit and private transport
Encourage walking and cycling
Use of advanced technologies
Equitable financing and pricing
Truly multi-modal
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

28. THE REGIONAL EXPERIENCE - SINGAPORE
Control of car usage - taxes/tolls
Public transport network
Stopping cars at the fringe – pedestrian precincts
Major -secondary carparks
Basement connections and travelators at 2nd storey
Pedestrian network elevated decks
Tree-lined boulevards, promenades, malls
Water transport –water taxis - canals, rivers
Central planning - URA
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

29. THE LOCAL EXPERIENCE - HONG KONG
Transport – multi modal
Functional and uncoordinated
Existing narrow road network
Public transit – rail, buses, trams, taxis, ferries etc.
Extensive footbridge system
Fragmented pedestrianisation
Lack of inter-departmental coordination
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

30. SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HONG KONG
Balanced transport and urban development
Vehicle free or restricted access city and sub centres
Modal integration and TDM measures
Pedestrianization & cycling
Coordinated decision making
Environmentally cleaner
Better quality of life
Comprehensive public transit network-modal integration
Tdm-moderating use of cars by pricing, taxes/tolls, carparks provision
Water transport network
Pedestrianisation -openspace pedestrian/bicycle networks
Environmentally cleaner more efficient road transport, intelligent systems
Vision and integrated decision making better quality of life
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

31. TRANSIT LESSONS from Cervero
Redistributes growth
Healthy regional economy
Land use impacts are greatest when upswing in regional growth
Radial rail systems can strengthen downtown cores
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

32. Cervero Contd. Reinforce decentralization trends
Proactive planning – sub centres
Transit can spur central city redevelopment
Other pro-development measures
Auto equalizers or disincentives
Dr. Sujata S. Govada

33. CONCLUSION
Just as built environments shape transit demand, transit investments shape built environments…….
Dr. Sujata S. Govada