1. Personality, 9e Jerry M. Burger
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2. The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo-Freudian Theory, Application, and Assessment
Chapter 5
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3. Chapter Outline Limits and liabilities of Freudian theory Alfred Adler
Carl Jung
Erik Erikson
Karen Horney
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4. Chapter Outline Application: Psychoanalytic theory and religion
Assessment: Personal narratives
Strengths and criticisms of Neo-Freudian theories
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5. Limits and Liabilities of Freudian Theory
Theorists rejected the idea that personality is formed by experiences in the initial years of life
Neo-Freudians argued that later experiences are important in shaping personality
Freud failed to recognize the importance of social and cultural forces in shaping individual personality
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6. Limits and Liabilities of Freudian Theory
Freudian theories have negative tone and painted a pessimistic and in some ways degrading picture of human nature
Propagated that humans are largely controlled by instincts and unconscious forces
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7. Alfred Adler Developed the approach of individual psychology
Contributions to understanding of personality
Notion of striving for superiority
Role of parental influence on personality development
Effects of birth order
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8. Striving for Superiority
Single motivating force that can subsume all other motives
Individual’s begin life with feelings of inferiority
All individual actions aim to establish a sense of superiority over life’s obstacles
Excessive feelings of inferiority lead to inferiority complex
Social interest combined with superiority striving indicates mental health of a person
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9. Parental Influence on Personality Development
Parental behaviors that lead to problems in children’s life
Pampering
Robs the child of independence and adds to feelings of inferiority
Neglect - Children who receive little attention from their parents:
Grow up cold and suspicious
Are incapable of warm personal relationships
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10. Birth Order
Firstborn children
Subjected to excessive attention from parents
Arrival of second child ends the pampering
Strong perception of inferiority
Middle-born children
Develop a strong superiority striving
Highest achievers
Try hard to catch up with their older siblings
Last-born children
Pampered throughout their childhood
Vulnerable to strong inferiority feelings
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11. Carl Jung
First president of the International Psychoanalytic Association
Disagreement with Freud’s theory, resulted in resignation from the association in 1914
Established analytic psychology
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12. Collective Unconscious
Part of unconscious mind
Constitutes of t houghts, images, and psychic characteristics that are difficult to bring into awareness
Never repressed out of consciousness
People inherit unconscious psychic characteristics
Made up of primordial images
Referred as archetypes
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13. Archetypes Anima - Feminine side of the male
Animus - Masculine side of the female
Anima and animus guide the selection of a romantic partner and the course of the subsequent relationship
Shadow - Negative side of personality
Located partly in both personal and collective unconscious
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14. Evidence for the Collective Unconscious
Does not consist of hard data from rigorous laboratory experiments
Is based on examination of mythology, cultural symbols, dreams, and the statements of schizophrenics
It is argued that collective unconscious is same for everyone
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15. Erik Erikson
Believed that ego is a relatively powerful, independent part of personality
Ego psychology - Erikson’s approach to personality
Principal function of the ego is to establish and maintain a sense of identity
Identity crisis - Confusion and despair we feel when we lack a strong sense of who we are
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16. Personality Development Throughout the Life Cycle
Erikson’s stages of personality development continue from infancy to old age
Crises - Turning points encountered by people in personality development
Provides two directions in which to proceed
How a person resolves a crisis determines the direction of his/her personality development
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17. Figure 5.1 - Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development
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18. Basic Trust Versus Mistrust
Child whose needs are met develops a sense of basic trust
Infants who never receive the loving care they need develops a sense of basic mistrust
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19. Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt
Autonomy - Allowing children to manipulate and control what they encounter
People with a sense of autonomy are confident
Over protection of children hinders development and lead to shame and doubt
Children become dependent on others
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20. Initiative Versus Guilt
Children who:
Organize and participate in social activities develop a sense of initiative
Lack initiative feel guilt and resignation
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21. Industry Versus Inferiority
Industry - Belief in one’s strengths and abilities
Develops when children experience success
Inferiority - Lack of appreciation for one’s talents and skills
Develops when children encounter failure
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22. Identity Versus Role Confusion
People with a sense of identity make decisions about personal values and religious questions
Failing to develop a strong sense of identity leads to role confusion
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23. Intimacy Versus Isolation
Young people search for special relationship to develop intimacy and grow emotionally
People who fail to develop intimacy face emotional isolation
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24. Generativity Versus Stagnation
Middle aged individuals develop a concern for guiding the next generation
Parents raise their children
Adults without children play an active role in raising nieces and nephews
Adults who fail to develop sense of generativity suffer from a sense of stagnation
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25. Ego Integrity Versus Despair
People who:
Look back on their lives with satisfaction develop a sense of integrity
Fail to develop a sense of integrity fall into despair and express contempt for others
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26. Karen Horney Studied Freud’s work and taught psychoanalysis
Founded American Institute for Psychoanalysis
Important contributions
Neurosis and feminine psychology
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27. Neurosis
Neurotic - People who are trapped in a self- defeating interpersonal style
Prevents people from developing the social contact they unconsciously crave
Destructive interpersonal style is a defense mechanism to ward off feelings of anxiety
Arises due to disturbed interpersonal relationships during childhood
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28. Neurosis
Interaction styles adopted by neurotics to avoid anxiety-provoking experiences
Moving toward people
Moving against people
Moving away from people
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29. Feminine Psychology Introduced the concept of womb envy
Men envy women’s ability to bear and nurse children
Men compensate their inability to have children through achievement in other domains
In a society where men and women are free to become whatever they desire girls would not want to be boys, or vice versa
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30. Application: Psychoanalytic Theory and Religion
Freud’s perspective
Religious behavior represents a form of neurosis
Religion is a type of collective wish fulfilment
God is an unconscious father figure generated to provide feelings of security
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31. Application: Psychoanalytic Theory and Religion
Jung’s perspective
Religion provides sense of purpose and security
People across cultures inherit a God archetype in collective unconscious
People seek psychotherapy when religion fails to provide reassurance
Modern religions have developed practices to provide assurance
Confession, absolution, and forgiveness
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32. Application: Psychoanalytic Theory and Religion
Erich Fromm’s perspective
People turn to the powerful authority of church to escape a sense of powerlessness and loneliness
Authoritarian religions - People are under the control of a powerful God
Deny people their personal identity
Humanistic religions - God is a symbol of our own power
Provide an opportunity for personal growth
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33. Personality Assessment
Personal narratives: Narration of one’s own life story, that requires describing turning point scenes from one’s life
Interviews are recorded and transcribed
Judges code stories according to preset criteria
Scores tend to be consistent over time
Accuracy of the story and selective remembering of scenes by participants draws criticism
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34. Personality Assessment
Generativity and life stories
Personal narratives are useful for studying Erik Erikson’s stages of personality development
Research indicates that number of stories reflecting generativity theme increased during the midlife decades
Stories from highly generative adults contain:
Increased themes about friendship, sharing, affiliation, and nurturance
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35. Strengths and Criticisms of Neo-Freudian Theories
Elaboration of vital concepts ignored by Freud
Identification of social factors that influence the formation and change of personality
Optimistic and flattering picture of humankind
Introduction of new concepts like identity crises, introverts, and inferiority complexes
Criticisms
Neo-Freudian theories are supported with questionable evidence
Oversimplified or ignored important concepts
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