1. Life in the Ghettos

2. The Pale of Settlement 1791- Russia annexed part of Poland and put 90% of all Russian Jews in an area known as the Pale of settlement Could only leave with special permission Had to pay double taxes Forbidden to lease land and receive higher education

3. Ghettos in Poland Formed soon after the Nazi invasion Some ghettos were closed, others were open Germans considered them “Jewish residential quarters” See maps of ghettos

4. Moving Into The Ghetto Goods and property were confiscated Ghettos were extremely crowded

5. Ghetto Life Was a life of hunger, disease, and despair Starvation was rampant Serious public health problems Forced Labor was common

6. Ghetto Life Lived in constant fear of humiliation, labor conscription, and deportation Survival was a daily challenge Continued to hold school and religious services

7. Governing the Ghettos Government rested with the Judenrat or Judenraete –Jewish Council They were to carry out Nazi orders

8. Governing the Ghettos Ghetto Money Ghetto ration card

9. Governing the Ghettos Typical ghetto room Two starving women on a rickstrew cart

10. Tough Decisions for Jewish Councils Were asked to provide lists of those to be deported –What would you do? Looked to the Talmud to find their answers

11. The Warsaw Ghetto Largest center of Jewish life in Europe One in ten died from starvation Had a political underground that published newspapers –50 in all

12. The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising One of the most remarkable events of the Holocaust

13. The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising One of the most famous pictures of the Holocaust. German storm troopers force Warsaw ghetto dwellers of all ages to move, hands up, during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in April-May 1943.

14. The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising The SS thugs set ablaze entire blocks of flats in order to force the population to come out of hiding...the water, gas, and electric supplies were cut off...."

15. Chronicles Documenting the story of the ghettos took determination and ingenuity Emmanuel Ringelblum

16. The Lodz Ghetto German occupation force was particularly ferocious Was the industrial center of prewar Poland Had a long-term strategy for survival –“salvation through work” –First ghetto to be sealed –Last ghetto to remain in existence

17. The Lodz Ghetto

18. Diary Entry from the Lodz Ghetto Excerpted from In Those Terrible Days by Josef Zelkowicz.In Those Terrible Days

19. My Secret Camera

20. Theresienstadt Was a ghetto and concentration camp Was in Terazin, a Czech town Some of the most prominent Czech, Austrian, and German artists, writers, diplomats and musicians were killed 456 Danish Jews sent

21. Monopoly Game

22. I Never Saw Another Butterfly Read Poem

23. The Liquidation of the Ghettos Summer of 1942, Nazis liquidated the ghettos of Eastern Europe By the end of the war, except in Budapest, not a single ghetto, neither in its entirety, nor in part, remained.

24. Population Figures of the Largest Ghettos Warsaw, Poland400,000-500,000 Lodz, Poland205, 000 Lvov, Ukraine110,000 Minsk, Belorussia100,000 Terezin, Czechoslovakia90,000 Budapest, Hungary70,000 Chernovtsy, Poland50,000 Bialystok, Poland35,000-50,000 Riga, Latvia43,000 Vilna, Lithuania41,000 Kovno, Lituania40,000 Lublin, Poland34,000

25. Online Museum Exhibitions Give Me Your Children: Voices From the Lodz GhettoGive Me Your Children: Voices From the Lodz Ghetto Szpilman’s Warsaw: The History behind The PianistSzpilman’s Warsaw: The History behind The Pianist Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Hidden History of the Kovno Ghetto

26. Closure What are some things that young people you know might take for granted that young people in the ghetto learned to cherish? What did school mean in the ghetto? In challenging times, what is the importance of remaining hopeful that one’s situation will improve?

27. Closure It is difficult to maintain a hopeful outlook over time. Do you believe there is a point when people begin to lose hope? If so, what do you think that point is? Do you think it is the same for everyone?

28. Closure Has the loss of hope ever happened to you? Have you ever witnessed it in others? How does a person restore hope?

29. Assignment The establishment of ghettos marked the end of freedom of movement for Jews. Write about what freedom means to you in your life and what you think it would mean to lose it.