1. Ch. 18 : Adverb Clauses → Modifying Adverbial Phrases
18-1 ⁄ ⁄ : Time clauses . ( While – After – Before – Since )
1- While I was relaxing for a while, I fell asleep. → Adverb clause
While relaxing for a while, I fell asleep. =
Relaxing for a while, I fell asleep → Modifying adverbial phrase
2- After my sister had won the competition , she celebrated .
After winning the competition, my sister celebrated . =
( After having won the competition, my sister celebrated . )
3- Mary has made many friends since she came to the university.
Mary has made many friends since coming to the university.
4- I had turned off my cell phone before I went to the theatre.
I had turned off my cell phone before going to the theatre.
# The subject must be the same in both clauses.
# If there is a noun and a pronoun referring to the same subject, the subject in the main clause must be the proper noun .
# “While” can be omitted in the modifying adverbial phrases.

2. While the teacher was lecturing, a student fell asleep. → no change.
While lecturing, a student fell asleep. ↓
Dangling modifier ( = Dangling participle)
While reading, the phone rang.
Before leaving, it rained .

3. 1- Because Anna is sick, she can’t work. Being sick, Anna can’t work.
B) : Cause and effect clauses . ( Because )
1- Because Anna is sick, she can’t work Being sick, Anna can’t work.
↓ ↓
Adverb clause Modifying adverbial phrase
2- Anna isn’t tired. She can work ( Because Anna isn’t tired, she can work.)
Not being tired, Anna can work.
3- Anna feels tired. She can’t work ( Because Anna feels tired, she can’t work.)
Feeling tired, Anna can’t work.
4- Anna had worked so much. She decided to rest.
( Because Anna had worked so much, she decided to rest. )
Having worked so much, Anna decided to take a break.
5- Anna was unable to work. She didn’t go the company.
( Because Anna was unable to work, She didn’t go the company. )
Being unable to work, Anna didn’t go to the company. = Unable to work, Anna didn’t go to the company.
# The subject must be the same in both clauses.
# If there is a noun and a pronoun referring to the same subject, the subject in the main clause must be the proper noun .
# “Being unable” can be replaced by ‘Unable‘ in the modifying adverbial phrases.

4. 18-5 : Using “On / Upon” instead of ‘When” in Modifying Adverbial Phrase
-Make sentences using upon OR on :
When Anna graduated, she applied for a job.
Upon Anna graduated, she applied for a job. / On Anna graduated, she applied for a job. →
( When graduating, Anna applied for a job )
Ans.: Upon graduating, Anna applied for a job . ⁄ On graduating, Anna applied for a job.

5. Ch. 19 Connectives that express cause, effect, purpose and contrast
A) : Expressing Cause ( Because , Due to the fact that, Because of & Due to)
We postponed our trip . The weather condition was bad.
↓ ↓
Effect Cause
1-Because the weather condition was bad, we postponed our trip.
Due to the fact that the weather condition was bad, we postponed our trip. S+V
2- Because of the bad weather condition, we postponed our trip.
Due to the bad weather condition, we postponed our trip n.
# ( Because Reason , Effect. ) OR ( Effect because Reason )

6. 1- The weather condition was bad. Therefore, we postponed our trip .
: Expressing Effect ( Therefore , Consequently and So )
We postponed our trip . The weather condition was bad.
↓ ↓
Effect Cause
1- The weather condition was bad. Therefore, we postponed our trip .
( = The weather condition was bad; therefore, we postponed our trip. )
- The weather condition was bad. We, therefore, postponed our trip .
( = The weather condition was bad; we, therefore, postponed our trip.)
- The weather condition was bad. We postponed our trip, therefore.
( = The weather condition was bad; we postponed our trip, therefore. )
2- The weather condition was bad. Consequently, we postponed our trip .
( = The weather condition was bad; consequently, we postponed our trip. )
3- The weather condition was bad, so we postponed our trip.

7. C) 19-4: Expressing Cause and effect using : such… that… (effect) /
so ….. that…(effect)
We postponed our trip . The weather condition was bad.
↓ ↓
Effect Cause
1- It was such a bad weather that we postponed our trip. (such + adj. + n. + that )
2- The weather was so bad that we postponed our trip. (so + adj.OR adv. + that )
# So.. that … can be used with ( many, few, much, little ) :
- She has made so many friends that she doesn’t feel lonely anymore.

8. 2- I’ve learned English. I wanted to be able to pass the TOEFL.
D) : Expressing Purpose : in order to / so (that)
1- I’m learning English. I want to be able to communicate with people all over the world.
- I’m learning English in order to ( be able to) communicate with people all over the world.
- I’m learning English so ( that ) I can communicate with people all over the world Present / Future
2- I’ve learned English. I wanted to be able to pass the TOEFL.
I’ve learned English in order to ( be able to ) pass the TOEFL.
I’ve learned English so ( that ) I could pass the TOEFL PAST
3- I’ll take my umbrella. I don’t want to get wet.
-I’ll take my umbrella in order not to get wet.
-I’ll take my umbrella so ( that ) I don’t (won’t) get wet Present / Future
4- Yesterday I took my umbrella. I didn’t want to get wet.
- Yesterday I took my umbrella in order not to get wet.
Yesterday I took my umbrella so ( that ) I wouldn’t get wet Past

9. A- Adverb clauses: ( Even though / Though / Although )
D) 19-6: Expressing Unexpected Results :
His grades were low. He was admitted to the university. ↓
Unexpected result
A- Adverb clauses: ( Even though / Though / Although )
Even though his grades were low, he was admitted to the university.
B- Prepositions : ( Despite ‘In spite of’ the fact that / Despite ‘In spite’ of )
- Despite the fact that his grades were low, he was admitted to the university. → S+V
- In spite of his low grades, he was admitted to the university. → n.
C- Conjunctions : ( but…anyway ⁄ but…still ⁄ yet… still )
- His grades were low, but he was admitted to the university anyway.
- His grades were low, but he still was admitted to the university.
- His grades were low, yet he still was admitted to the university.
followed by the
unexpected result
D- Transitions : ( nevertheless ⁄ nonetheless ⁄ however …..still )
His grades were low. Nevertheless, he was admitted to the university.
His grades were low. Nonetheless, he was admitted to the university.
His grades were low. However, he still was admitted to the university.

10. 19-7: Expressing Direct contrast:
Fred is a good student. His brother is lazy.
A- Adverb clause : while
Fred is a good student, while his brother is lazy.
B- Conjunction : but
Fred is a good student, but his brother is lazy.
C- Transitions : However ⁄ on the other hand
Fred is a good student; however, his brother is lazy.
Fred is a good student; his brother is lazy, however .
Fred is a good student. His brother, on the other hand, is lazy.

11. 1⁄ Zero conditional : -Form: If simple present , simple present
1⁄ Zero conditional : -Form: If simple present , simple present. (simple Present if simple Present ) -Use: There’s no real condition . It can be used with : a) Facts : -If you heat ice, it melts If you touch fire, you get burned. -If you run, your heart beats fast. B) Situations that are always true : - My mother gets worried if I don’t answer the phone right away. - If you study well, you pass if I eat nuts, I get sick. #In case of Zero Conditional clauses, WHEN has the same meaning of IF . - When you heat ice, it melts. = If you heat ice, it melts.

12. 2 ⁄ First conditional :
-Form: If simple present, simple future “will”. (simple future “will” if simple present )
-Use:
Particular Situations that are likely to happen in the future (high possibility ) :
- If it rains, I will (should) stay home.
- If you behave well, I will (might ⁄ am going to) buy you a present.
- If she works harder, she’ll (can) succeed.
# Modals and phrasal modals can be used in the main clause instead of will.

13. If I have enough time, I watch TV. VS 1
If I have enough time, I watch TV. VS
If I have enough time, I will watch TV. 2
If I don’t have breakfast, I get hungry.
If I don’t have breakfast, I will get hungry.

14. Exceptions :
Instructions (imperatives) :
- If you don’t hear my voice, tell me.
If anyone calls, take a message.
#“Should” can be used in if clauses to mean that the situation is unlikely to happen:
- If anyone should call, take a message. ( = Should anyone call, take a message )
Requests :
- Could you take a message if anyone calls ?
- Could you tell me if you get the answer right ?

15. 3 ⁄ Second conditional :
-Form: If simple past, would infinitive verb. (would infinitive verb if simple past )
# The past form of the verb be is always were . -Use:
Situations that are not true in the present or future ( low or zero possibility :
- If she came, I would give her the book.
- If you joined us, I would be happy.
- If I had enough time, I could watch TV.
- If she were the queen, the country would (might) be a heaven on earth.
- If I were you, I wouldn’t (shouldn’t) lose the chance. ( = Were I you, I wouldn’t lose the chance )

16. 4 ⁄ Third conditional :
-Form: If past perfect , would have 3rd verb. (would have 3rd verb if past perfect )
-Use:
Situations that were not true in the past and it’s too late that they happen :
- If I had gotten enough time, I would (could ) have watched TV.
- If I had seen you, I would (might ⁄ should ) have told you.
( = Had I seen you, I would have told you. )
- If I had given the chance, I wouldn’t have lost it.

17. Expressing wishes A wish about the future : She can’t come tomorrow.
I WISH she could come.
( can’t → could ⁄ can → couldn’t )
She is not going to come tomorrow.
I WISH she were going to come tomorrow.
( is, are going to → were not going to ⁄ is, are not going to → were going to )
She will come tomorrow.
I WISH she would not come tomorrow.
( will → wouldn’t ⁄ won’t → would )

18. B ) A wish about the present :
It is not raining.
I WISH it were raining.
( is, are → were not ⁄ isn’t, aren’t → were )
I sleep late .
I WISH I didn’t sleep late .
( do → didn’t ⁄ doesn’t, don’t → did )
I can’t speak French .
I WISH I could speak French .
( can’t → could ⁄ can → couldn’t )

19. I WISH it hadn’t been raining.
C ) A wish about the past :
It was raining.
I WISH it hadn’t been raining.
( was → had not been ⁄ wasn’t → had been )
I slept late.
I WISH I hadn’t slept late .
( did→ hadn’t done ⁄ didn’t → had done )
I couldn’t come .
I WISH I could have come .
( could→ couldn’t have done ⁄ couldn’t → could have done )