1. ACOE301 – Computer Architecture II

2. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University
Useful Information
Instructor: Lecturer K. Tatas
Office hours : Mo5, Tu3, We6-8, Fri5
Prerequisites: ACOE201
Lectures/week: (Lab)
ECTS: 5 (x25 h) = 125h
Evaluation: 60% Final exam – 20% Labs/Quizzes – 20% midterm/assignment
Enrollment key: ACOE301_FALL12
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

3. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University
Course Objectives
Introduce students to computer architecture and organization with emphasis on
performance metrics and cost,
instruction set architectures,
RISC processor design,
Pipelining
memory hierarchy.
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

4. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University
Course Outcomes
By the end of this course students should be able to:
Understand the computer architecture and organization of modern processors.
Further advance their knowledge in designing computer architecture systems using Assembly, C/C++ and VHDL.
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

5. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University
Course Description
Introduction to Computer Architecture:
Organisation and abstraction of a computer.
ISAs.
Emerging computer architecture technologies.
Processor, caches, memory and  I/O devices.
Instruction Set Architecture (ISA):
Specifications, classes, registers, memory addressing and addressing modes.
The complete MIPS architecture and in-depth analysis.
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

6. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University
Course Description
RISC Processor Design:
Full ALU design of the MIPS processor.
Multiplication and division algorithms in hardware.
Single-cycle, multi-cycle datapath and controller design.
Performance Metrics:
Measuring performance and metrics.
Improve performance, clock cycles, CPI, instructions count, MIPS, MOPS, MFLOPs.
Benchmarks. Amdahl's Law.
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

7. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University
Course Description
Pipelining:
Single-cycle, Multi-cycle versus Pipeline.
Structural, data and control hazards.
Forwarding.
Exceptions.
MIPS R3000 pipeline and design of a pipelined processor.
Loop unrolling in scalar and superscalar computer systems.
Software pipelining.
Memory Hierarchy:
Locality and memory hierarchy.
SRAM and DRAM.
Memory organization.
Advanced cache memory.
Virtual memory.
Protection. Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB).
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

8. Textbook and References
Paterson, Hennessy, Computer Organisation and Design: the Hardware/Software Interface, Morgan Kaufman, 2003.
M. Mano, C. R. Kime, Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals, Prentice Hall, 2004
J. P. Hayes, Computer Architecture and Organization, 3Ed, McGraw Hill., 1998
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

9. The task of the computer designer
Determine what attributes are important for a new machine, then design a machine to maximize performance while staying within cost and power constraints.
This task has many aspects
instruction set design
functional organization
logic design
implementation.
integrated circuit design
Packaging
Power
cooling
Optimizing the design requires familiarity with a very wide range of technologies:
Compilers
operating systems
packaging.
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

10. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University
Basic Terminology
instruction set architecture refers to is the part of the processor that is visible to the programmer or compiler writer. The instruction set architecture serves as the boundary between the software and hardware
Hardware is used to refer to the specifics of a machine
detailed logic design
Implementation/packaging technology
Often a line of machines contains machines with identical instruction set architectures and nearly identical organizations, but they differ in the detailed hardware implementation.
For example, the Pentium II and Celeron are nearly identical, but offer different clock rates and different memory systems,
In this course the word computer architecture is intended to cover all three aspects of computer design
instruction set architecture
Organization
hardware
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

11. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
1st generation:
Tubes, punchcards
2nd generation:
transistors
3rd generation: 1965 – 1980
Integrated circuits
4th generation: 1980 –
PCs and workstations
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

12. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University
1st generation ( )
Programming was done in machine language
No operating system
Programming and maintenance done by one group of people
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

13. ENIAC – The first electronic computer (1946)
18,000 tubes
300 Tn
170 KWatt
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

14. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University
2nd generation ( )
Transistor-based
Fairly reliable
Clear distinction between designers, manufacturers, users, programmers, and support personnel.
Only afforded by governments, universities or large companies (millions $)
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

15. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University
2nd generation ( )
Program was first written on paper (FORTRAN) and then punched into cards
Cards were then delivered to the user.
Mostly used for scientific and technical calculations
Solving differential equations
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

16. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University
3rd generation ( )
IC-based operation
IBM develops compatible systems
Tradeoffs in performance, memory, I/O etc).
Greater MHz/$
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

17. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University
4th generation ( )
LSI-based PCs
Significantly cheaper
User-friendly software
2 dominant operating systems:
MS DOS: IBM PC (8088, 80286, 80386, 80486)
UNIX: RISC workstations
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

18. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University
5th generation (1990-)
PC networks
Network operating systems
Each machine runs its own operating system
Users don’t care where their programs are being executed
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

19. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University
Famous quotes
“Future computers may weigh less than 1,5 tn”, (1949)
“I believe there is a world market for five computers”, T. Watson, IBM CEO (1943)
“There is no particular reason why someone would want a computer at home”, K. Oslon, president of DEC (1974)
“640Κbytes of memory should be enough for anybody”, B. Gates, president of Microsoft (1981)
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

20. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

21. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

22. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

23. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

24. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

25. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

26. Microprocessor Technologies (Orthogonal)
VLSI technology
Computer Architecture
Compiler technology
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

27. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

28. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University
Moore’s Law
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

29. Intel 4004 Micro-Processor
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

30. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

31. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

32. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

33. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

34. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University
Recent advances
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

35. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University
The Future: 3D ICs
Memory
Processor
RF Chip
DNA Chip
MEMS
Battery
Image Sensor
3D integration: One chip
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

36. Computer Architecture
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

37. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University
RISC vs. CISC
Complex instruction set computer (CISC):
Large instruction set;
Complex operations;
Complex addressing modes;
Complex hardware, long execution time;
Minimum number of instructions needed for a given task;
Easy to program, simpler compiler.
Reduced instruction set computer (RISC):
Small instruction set;
Simple instructions to allow for fast execution (fewer steps);
Large number of registers;
Only read/write (load/store) instructions should access the main memory, one MM access per instruction;
Simple addressing modes to allow for fast address computation;
Fixed-length instructions with few formats and aligned fields to allow for fast instruction decoding;
increased compiler complexity and compiling time;
simpler and faster hardware implementation, pipelined architecture.
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

38. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University
RISC vs. CISC example
CISC (M68000)
Add the content of MM location pointed to by A3 to the component of an array starting at MM address 100. The index number of the component is in A2. The content of A3 is then automatically incremented by 1.
RISC (MIPS)
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

39. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University
Memory Architecture
Von Neumann: Common memory for data and instructions
Harvard: Separate data and instruction memories
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

40. Von Neumann Memory Architecture
address
CPU PC
200
data
200
ADD r5,r1,r3
ADD r5,r1,r3 IR
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

41. Harvard Memory Architecture
address
CPU
data memory
data PC
address
program memory
data
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

42. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University
Pipelining
Dividing the processing task into stages, which are executed in parallel
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

43. Application-Specific Processors
Processors optimized for a specific application domain
DSP processors
Multiplier/accumulator in ALU, Harvard memory architecture
Multimedia processors
Image processing/video hardware accelerators
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

44. Assembler/Compiler technologies
Increased productivity by using high-level languages
For critical tasks and embedded systems, assembly is commonly used
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University

45. ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University
References
Weste, Harris, CMOS VLSI Design: A Circuits and Systems Perspective
Patterson, Hennessy - Computer Organization and Design; The Hardware-Software Interface, 2E (Morgan Kaufman, 1997)
Fundamentals Of Computer Organization And Architecture (2005) Wiley
ACOE301 - Computer Architecture II - Frederick University