1. COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION MPA503
C P A MODELS

2. SUMMARY/RECAP C P A ISSUES EMERGENCE LINKAGE WITH US AID
SMALL GOVERNMENT
EFFICIENCY
THEORIES/RESEARCH
VESTED INTERESTS
OSSSIFICATION

3. RIGGS MODEL ECOLOGICAL APPROACH STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL APPROACH
IDEAL MODELS ( MODEL BUILDING)

4. RIGGS MODEL ECOLOGICAL APPROACH
DYNAMICS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM ND ITS ENVIRONMENT COMPRISING POLITICAL SOCIAL, CULTURAL & ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS
ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM IS ONE OF THE MANY SUBSYSTEMS IN SOCIETY WHICH INFLUENCE EACH OTHER
(J.M.GAUS 1947,ROBERT A DAHL 1947 ROSCOE MARTIN 1952 & FRED W RIGGS 1961)

5. RIGGS MODEL
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONAL APPROACH EVERY SOCIETY HAS STRUCTURES WHICH PERFORM SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS PRIMARILY POLITICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL SYMBOLIC(MOSQUE) COMMUNICATIONAL(MEDIA) THE ABOVE SET OF FUNCTIONAL REQUISITES APPLY TO THE ADMINISTRATIVE SUB-SYSTEM

6. RIGGS MODEL AGRARIA INDUSTRIA MODEL(1956)
SOCIETIES DOMINATED BY AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTIONS
SOCIETIES DOMINATED BY INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS
ALL SOCIETIES MOVE FROM AGRARIA STAGE TO INDUSTRIA STAGE
IDENTIFIED STRUCTURED FEATURES OF AGRAIAN AND INDUSTRIALISED SOCIETIES
INTERMEDIATE TRANSITA MODEL

7. RIGGS MODELS CRITICISM
NOT SUFFICIENT FOCUS ON TRANSITIONAL SOCIETIES OR MIXED TYPE SOCIETIES
ASSUMES UNIDIRECTIONAL MOVEMENT FROM AGRARIA TO INDUSTRIA STAGE
MORE EMPHASIS ON ENVIRONMENT OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM RATHER THAN THE SYSTEM ITSELF
IT IS TOO ABSTRACT AND REMOVED FROM REALITY

8. FEATURES OF AGRARIA AND INDUSTRIA
Ascriptive values
Achievement values
Particularistic norms
Universalistic norms
Diffuse patterns
Specific patterns

9. Features of Agraria and Industria
Stable local groups and limited spatial mobility
High degree of social and spatial mobility
Simple and stable occupational differentiation
Well developed occupational system
Deferential stratification system
Egalitarian class system
Prevalence of associations which are functionally specific and non-ascriptive

10. Features of Agraria and Industria
Deferential stratification system
Egalitarian class system
Prevalence of associations which are functionally specific and non-ascriptive

11. Attributes of Fused, Prismatic and Diffracted Societies
Ascription
Attainment
Achievement
Particularism
Selectivism
Universalim
Functional diffusion
Poly-functionalism
Functional specificity

12. RIGGS MODEL FUSED-PRISMATIC-DIFFRACTED MODEL
REPRESENTS UDERDEVELOPED, DEVELOPING AND DEVELOPED SOCIETIES
TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES RELATE TO FUSED MODEL (FUNCTIONALLY DIFFUSED) WHEREAS MODERN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES RELATE TO THE REFRACTED MODEL (FUNCTIONALLY SPECIFIC)
BETWEEN THE TWO LIES THE PRISMATIC MODEL

13. RIGGS MODELS
IN A FUSED SOCIETY A GIVEN STRUCTURE PERFORMS MANY FUNCTIONS
IN A DIFFRACTED SOCIETY EACH STRUCTURE PERFORMS LIMITED FUNCTIONS
IN THE MIDDLE LIES THE TRANSITIONAL PRISMATIC SOCIETY BETWEEN THE UNDIFFERENTIATED FUSED SOCIETY AND A HIGHLY DIFFERENTIATED DIFFRACTED SOCIETY

14. RIGGS MODELS PRISMATIC –SALA MODEL
PRISMATIC REPRESENTSTHE TRANSITIONAL/DEVELOPING SOCIETY
SALA REPRESENTS THEADMINISTRATIVE SUB-SYSTEM OF THE SOCIETY

15. RIGGS MODELS FEATURES OF PRISMATIC-SALA MODEL
HETEROGENEITY:SIMULTANEOUS PRESENCE OF SYSTEMS, PRACTICES AND VIEWPOINTS
FORMALISM: HUGE GAP BETWEEN THE FORMALLY PRESCRIBED AND ACTUAL PRACTICE
OVERLAPPINGDIFFERENTIATED AND UNDIFFERENTIATED STRUUCTURES COEXIST,ADMINISTRATIVE BEHAVIOR DOMINATED BY NON ADMINISTRATIVE CRITERIA
NEPOTISM IN RECRUITMENT
POLYNORMATIVISM & POLYCOMMUNALISM

16. RIGGS MODELS BAZAAR—CANTEEN MODEL
THE ECONOMIC SUBSYSTEM OF A PRISMATIC SOCIETY HAS BEEN TERMED BY RIGGS AS THE BAZAAR—CANTTEEN MODEL COMBINING THE MARKET ECONOMY OF A DIFFRACTED SOCIETY AND TRADITIONAL ECONOMY OF FUSED SOCIETY PRODUCING PRICE INDETERMINANCY OR FLUCTUATIONS
AUTHORITY IS HIGHLY CENTRALISED AND CONCENTRATED WHEREAS CONTOL SYSTEM IS LOCALISED AND DISPERSED RESULTING IN AN UNBALANCED POLITY

17. RIGGS MODEL REVISED PRISMATIC MODEL
DIFFERENTIATION; ONE - DIMENSIONAL APPROACH
DIFFERENTIATION & INTEGRATION : TWO – DIMENSIONAL APPROACH

18. RIGGS MODELS CHANGE IN A PRISMATIC SOCIETY
PACE OF DEVELOPMENT RELATED TO CHANGE
(WESTERN SOCIETIES ADJUSTED TO CHANGE DUE TO LONG TIME SPAN OF DEVELOPMENT)
LESS HETEROGENEITY,FORMALISM AND OVERLAPPING THAN THE DEVELOPING(TRANSITIONAL) SOCIETIES
EXTERNAL(EXO GENOUS) & INTERNAL(ENDO GENOUS) PRESSURE FOR CHANGE AND EQUI-GENETIC CHANGE

19. RIGGS MODELS
DIFFRACTED AND PRISMATIC SOCIETAL MODELS SUBDIVIDED ON BASIS OF DEGREE OF INTEGRATION DIFFRACTED SUB- DIVIDED INTO EO-DIFFRACTED, ORTHO-DIFFRACTED AND NEO- DIFFRACTED
PRISMATIC SOCIETIES SUBDIVIDED INTO EO-PRISMATIC,ORTHO-PRISMATIC AND NEO-PRISMATIC

20. ROBERT DAHLS CONTRIBUTION
ADMINISTRATIVE GENERALISATIONS NOT APPLICABLE
UNIVERSALITY ONLY POSSIBLE IF EMPIRICALLY TESTED IN VARIOUS SETTINGS
SHOULD BE TRULY INERDISCIPLINARY TO BE SCIENTIFIC AND RELEVANT TO ALL SOCIETIES
STUDY OF PEOPLE CAN ONLY ENSURE VITAL TO ENSURE PUBLIC COOPERATION