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Introduction Operating Systems’ Concepts and Structure Lecture 1 ~ Spring, 2008 ~ Spring, 2008TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1
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No. 2 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 Contents Definition of an Operating System (OS) Role of an Operating System History of Operating Systems Classification of Operating Systems Specific terms and concepts Structure of an OS Spring, 2008
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No. 3 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 The Definition of an OS Where comes the OS in? A computer system consists of: User software System software Hardware User Applications CompilersEditorsShells Operating System System hardware Spring, 2008
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No. 4 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 The Definition of an OS What is an OS? A system software A collection of procedures that: –manage all the system’s hardware resources –provide the users the environment in which they can: use the system resources run their own applications Spring, 2008
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No. 5 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 The Role of an OS Extended or virtual machine The external or the user point of view A top-down perspective –Hides the complexity of using the hardware devices –Provides the user a more convenient view of the system resources –Purpose: Convenience Resource manager The inside or the designer point of view A bottom-up perspective –Brings the hardware resources in a functional state –Provides each program with time and space for using resources –Purpose: Efficiency Spring, 2008
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No. 6 A Classification of OSs Mainframe operating systems: OS/390 Server operating systems: UNIX, Windows 2000, Linux Multiprocessor operating systems PC operating systems: Windows 98, Windows ME, Macintosh, Linux Real-time operating systems: VxWorks, QNX Embedded operating systems: PalmOS, Windows CE, Windows Mobile, Symbia Spring, 2008TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1
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No. 7 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 Specific Terms and Concepts Batch systems: no user interaction Multiprogramming: multiple programs loaded in memory Time-sharing: each process receives slices of CPU time Interactive systems : provides quick response to user’s actions Multi-user: distinction between users Network OS: users aware of the existence of multiple computers Distributed OS: looks like a traditional single-processor system Processes, Files, System Calls Spring, 2008
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No. 8 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 Computer Hardware (1) An OS is closely tied to the HW it runs on HW components –CPU –Memory –I/O devices Monitor Keyboard Storage devices (HDD, Floppy etc.) Others –BUSes Spring, 2008
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No. 9 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 Computer Hardware (2) Tanenbaum, Fig. 1-5. Monitor BUS Spring, 2008
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No. 10 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 CPU Functionality –fetch instructions from memory, decode and execute them Instruction set –has a specific set of instructions that can be executed –specific executable programs each processor can run Registers Program counter Stack pointer Many others – architecture dependent Machine state – saved at context switch Kernel vs. User mode of execution –switches between system calls hardware exceptions, interruptions Spring, 2008
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No. 11 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 Memory Should be extremely fast, large and cheap Hierarchy of layers –Registers: fastest, no delay, but limited size –Cache memory cache hits and misses –Main memory – RAM (Random Access Memory) –HDDs 2 orders of magnitude cheaper and larger then RAM, but 3 orders of magnitude slower mechanical device – heads, tracks (cylinders), sectors, –Magnetic tapes used as a backup for very large data sets very slow, but very cheap and removable Spring, 2008
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No. 12 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 I/O Devices Components –controller and the device itself Controller –Directly controls the physical device –Receives commands from the OS Device driver –Supplied by controller manufacturer –Inserted into the OS – run in kernel mode Functionality –Busy waiting –Interrupts Spring, 2008
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No. 13 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 Processes Definition A program in execution Consists of: executable code, data, stack, CPU registers value, and other information A process hierarchy (tree) A created two child processes: B and C B created three child processes: D, E, and F Process synchronization Inter-Process Communication (IPC) Spring, 2008
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No. 14 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 Files Definition A collection of related information An abstraction of data stored on HDD A process tree File system mounting File linking Spring, 2008
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No. 15 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 System calls (1) Definition –a call to an OS service –a trap into the OS code Examples of system calls –File manipulation: open(), read(), write(), lseek(), close() … –File system management: mkdir(), mount(), link(), chown() … –Process management: fork(), exec(), wait(), exit() … Spring, 2008
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No. 16 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 System Calls (2) Steps in making a system call There are 11 steps executing the system call: read (fd, buffer, nbytes) Spring, 2008
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No. 17 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 The Structure of an OS Architectures(1). Monolithic OS Spring, 2008
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No. 18 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 The Structure of an OS Architectures (2). Layered OS The Structure of the THE operating system Spring, 2008
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No. 19 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 The Structure of an OS Architectures (3). Client-Server The client-server model A distributed OS Spring, 2008
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No. 20 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 The Structure of an OS Architectures (4).Advantages … Advantages of micro-kernels the modules run in user mode protection against bugs adaptability to use in distributed systems forces the programmers to adopt a modularize approach easily ported to other architectures better use of RAM than monolithic ones Modules in monolithic systems (Linux) - advantages monolithic OS faster than micro-kernel OS modularized approach platform independence frugal main memory usage no performance penalty Spring, 2008
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No. 21 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 Process manager: c reates, schedules and destroy processes Memory manager: a llocates and releases memory Disk manager I/O devices manager File system: c reate, read, modify, remove etc. files Communication system Protection system Shells text interface – command interpreter graphical interface The Structure of an OS Components Spring, 2008
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No. 22 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 Readings Andrew Tannenbaum, “Modern Operating Systems”, second edition, Prentice Hall, 2001, pgs. 1-20, 34-63 D. Bovet, M. Cesati, “Understanding Linux Kernel”, O’Reilly, 2001, pgs.11-12 Spring, 2008
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