1. Christiane Jablonowski and Diana Thatcher University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA Physics-Dynamics Coupling Workshop (PDC14), Ensenada, Mexico, 12/3/2014 Physics-Dynamics Test Strategies: Bridging the Gap with Simplified Moist Test Cases

2. The Talk at its Crossroads Effective Resolution: What should the scales be that the dynamical core passes to the physics (grid-point value, area-averaged, sub-sampled)? What are the believable scales in the dynamics? Test Strategies: Can we under- stand some aspects of the complex physics-dynamics coupling with simplified moist test cases? Partly covered by Peter Lauritzen’s talk Topic of this talk

3. Effective Resolution Papers with Foci on Advection Advertisement

4. Test strategies: It is important to be able to identify good coupling schemes from inferior ones early on in the development cycle. Once the theoretical analysis of the scheme is complete, how can further evidence be collected to ensure the chosen scheme performs as anticipated? The full NWP trial stage usually only offers limited scope for (costly) change. The difficulty is to design tests with sufficient signal and validity, without being too complex such that they are useful in the early development/evaluation phase. Physics-Dynamics Coupling: Session Announcements

5. Test Cases: Hierarchy with Increasing Complexity

6. Some Desirable Design Criteria Test cases should be designed for hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic dynamical cores on the sphere, ideally: for both shallow and deep atmosphere models be easy to apply: analytic initial data suitable for all grids formulated for different vertical coordinates deal with moisture in a simple way reveal information about the physics-dynamics coupling be as easy as possible, but as complex as necessary be cheap and easy to evaluate be relevant to atmospheric phenomena have a converged reference solution find broad acceptance in the modeling community

7. Overview of the Approaches Short-term deterministic assessments (15 days) –Moist baroclinic waves with large-scale condensation –Moist baroclinic waves coupled to the `simple-physics’ package by Reed and Jablonowski (James, 2012) Long-term ‘climate’ assessments (multiple years) –Moist version of the Held-Suarez test with elements of the `simple-physics’ package This talk’s goal: Convince you that idealized physics processes lead to reasonable atmospheric circulations. Long-term goal (partly covered in this talk): Evaluate whether idealized physics processes mimic the behavior of complex physics to aid our understanding.

8. Questions to Ask What is our motivation to pursue idealized approaches? Is it reasonable: How does a moist Held-Suarez (HS) aqua- planet simulation compare to a full-physics CAM5 aqua- planet simulation? Intercomparison: How do the different CAM5 dynamical cores compare in moist HS and complex aqua-planet experiments? Unit testing: How does the moist HS configuration compare to aqua-planet simulations that omit some processes (like the deep convection parameterization)? Can we replicate some aspects of the complex physics- dynamics interactions with the moist HS setup? What do we learn about the physics-dynamics coupling?

9. Motivation: Results from the Aqua-Planet Experiment (APE) Aqua-planet model intercomparison revealed a huge spread in the GCM circulations and precipitation characteristics Impossible to tell whether the APE differences are due to physics parameterizations or the dynamical cores or both? Our test approaches level the playing field (identical physics). Zonal-mean time-mean total precipitation rates (hemispherically averaged) in 16 GCMs in aqua-planet mode, see Blackburn at al. (2013)

10. DynamicsPhysics Process Variable Interaction Adding Simple Large-Scale Condensation to the Dynamical Core PBL mixing

11. Adding Simple Large-Scale Condensation Add a specific humidity field q and transport it as a tracer Compute condensation C tendencies to force q and the temperature T whenever the relative humidity (RH) at a grid point exceeds a threshold (e.g. RH > 100%): The large-scale precipitation P ls removes the water instantaneously without a cloud stage Reed and Jablonowski (James, 2012)

12. Baroclinic Wave: Moisture and Large-Scale Condensation Dynamical Core Model Intercomparison Project (DCMIP) 42 Large-scale condensation in a moist version of the Jablonowski-Williamson (2006) baroclinic wave leads to an intensification of the baroclinic wave here at day 9(DCMIP) 42 CAM-FV 1°x1° L30, dx = 110 km It rains in the right spots (updraft areas associated with frontal zones) Provides a first glimpse at the non-linear physics-dynamics interactions in the presence of moisture

13. DynamicsPhysics Process Variable Interaction Adding a Simple-Physics Package to the Dynamical Core Reed and Jablonowski (James, 2012) PBL mixing

14. Simple-Physics Package: Basic Ideas Replace the full-physics with a simple-physics package The simple-physics tendencies are The fluxes are either –the bulk aerodynamic surface fluxes (latent and sensible heat, friction) or –mimic the turbulence in the boundary layer via a first-order closure (K-theory with surface wind-speed dependent eddy diffusivities) C is large-scale condensation (no re-evaporation) Reed and Jablonowski (James, 2012)

15. Moist Interactions: Baroclinic Wave Dry Large-scale condensation Simple-Physics, no surface friction Complex CAM5 physics no surface friction Simple-Physics, with surface friction Complex CAM5 physics with surface friction Idealized moist baroclinic wave tests expose the behavior of simulations with complex physical parameterizations (here CAM5) Tests based on Jablonowski and Williamson (2006), Simple-physics: Reed and Jablonowski (2012) Surface pressure, day 9, CAM-FV 1°L30 hPa without radiation

16. DynamicsPhysics Variable Interaction Moist Version of the Held-Suarez Test on an Aqua-Planet (prescribed SST) Thatcher and Jablonowski (in prep.) Reed and Jablonowski (James, 2012) H H Held-Suarez (modified): Radiation: Newtonian Temperature relaxation Rayleigh friction (PBL momentum mixing and surface friction) Simple-Physics: Surface fluxes of latent sensible heat PBL mixing of moisture and temperature Large-scale condensation Color coding: PBL mixing

17. Moist Held-Suarez and Complex Aqua-Planet Thatcher and Jablonowski, in preparation Moist Held-Suarez with simple-physics Aqua-Planet with complex CAM5 physics CAM-SE 1° L30: Reasonable - Moist Held-Suarez mimics Aqua-Planet Temperature Zonal wind

18. Moist Held-Suarez and Complex Aqua-Planet Moist Held-Suarez with simple-physics Aqua-Planet with complex CAM5 physics CAM-SE 1° L30: Reasonable - Moist Held-Suarez mimics Aqua-Planet Thatcher and Jablonowski, in preparation Less efficient upward moisture transport, but distributions are similar Specific humidity Relative Humidity

19. Moist Held-Suarez and Complex Aqua-Planet CAM-SE 1° L30: Reasonable – Eddy transports are comparable Aqua-Planet with complex CAM5 physics Moist Held-Suarez with simple-physics Eddy heat flux Eddy kinetic energy

20. Moist Held-Suarez and Complex Aqua-Planet CAM-SE 1° L30: Reasonable – Physics forcing magnitudes comparable Aqua-Planet with complex CAM5 physics Moist Held-Suarez with simple-physics Deep convec- tion peaks higher up Focus on the tropics Large-scale condensation Temperature tendency Moisture tendency

21. Moist Held-Suarez and Complex Aqua-Planet Moist Held-Suarez with simple-physics Aqua-Planet with complex CAM5 physics CAM-SE 1° L30: Similar tropical waves are apparent in the total precipitation rate (averaged between 5S-5N) in moist Held-Suarez (top) and Aqua-Planet (bottom) runs (here eastward traveling Kelvin waves) Thatcher and Jablonowski, in preparation Precipitation is less organized in the moist HS experiment due to simplicity of precipitation mm/day Same Kelvin wave phase speeds

22. Moist HS, Complex Aqua-Planet & Unit Testing CAM-SE experiments with and without simple Betts-Miller (BM) and complex Zhang-McFarlane (ZM) deep convection Moist HS replicates complex Aqua-Planet (AP) behavior With deepNo deepTotal precipitation rate AP Moist HS BM deep ZM deep AP HS

23. Intercomparisons & Unit Testing Easier unit testing: How does CLUBB (new CAM PBL mixing, shallow convection, macrophysics) interact with the SE and SLD dycores and diffusion in CAM5 aqua-planet experiments? SE SLD Double versus single ITCZ Double ITCZ More diffusion

24. Intercomparisons: CAM5 dynamical cores The Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) provides four different dynamical cores (based on the primitive equations): 1.Semi-Lagrangian (SLD): two-time-level, semi-implicit semi- Lagrangian spectral transform model, Gaussian grid 2.Eulerian (EUL): three-time-level, semi-implicit Eulerian spectral transform dycore, Gaussian grid 3.Finite-Volume (FV): default dynamical core in CAM 5 & CAM 5.1, grid-point-based finite-volume discretization, explicit time- stepping scheme, latitude-longitude grid 4.Spectral Element (SE): new default dynamical core (CAM 5.3), based on continuous Galerkin spectral finite element method, designed for fully unstructured quadrilateral meshes (cubed- sphere grid), locally energy- and mass-conserving, explicit time-stepping scheme

25. Intercomparisons: CAM5 dynamical cores The kinetic energy (KE) spectra of the moist HS experiments replicate the KE spectra of the complex CAM5 aqua-planet runs (here with 110-150 km grid spacing)

26. Intercomparisons: CAM5 dynamical cores Moist HS experiments can partly replicate the tropical precipitation rate characteristics of complex CAM5 aqua- planet runs Increased precip. Increased convergence Moist HS CAM5 Aqua-Planet CAM5 Aqua-Planet, no deep convection

27. Intercomparisons: CAM5 dynamical cores Meridional Eddy moisture transport: v’q’ Indication that the spectral dynamical cores EUL and SLD show systematic tropical differences in comparison to grid point models FV and SE in both moist HS and aqua-planet Moist HS Aqua-Planet SE EUL FV SLD

28. Conclusions The interactions between the dynamical core and moisture processes can already be simulated with very simple model configurations, like large-scale condensation, simple-physics, or the moist HS test Some aspects of the complex GCM behaviors can be replicated with the simplified physics setups Tests give access to an easier understanding of the physics- dynamics coupling Using identical physics with various dynamical cores levels the playing field Approach allows unit testing of selected parameterizations or tests of the physics-dynamics coupling technique Test cases hold promise to be useful for community use

29. Reed, K. A., and C. Jablonowski (2012), Idealized tropical cyclone simulations of intermediate complexity: a test case for AGCMs, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., Vol. 4, M04001, doi:10.1029/2011MS000099 Jablonowski, C., and D. L. Williamson (2006), A Baroclinic Instability Test Case for Atmospheric Model Dynamical Cores, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., Vol. 132, 2943-2975 DCMIP shared workspace and DCMIP test case document: https://www.earthsystemcog.org/projects/dcmip-2012/test_cases https://www.earthsystemcog.org/projects/dcmip-2012/test_cases Thatcher, D. R. and C. Jablonowski, A moist variant of the Held- Suarez test for atmospheric model dynamical cores: Aquaplanet comparison and sensitivity analysis, manuscript in preparation References