1. SPRAGUE ENV MATES Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter Cycling G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition MATES Chapter 4 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition MATES Chapter 4

2. SPRAGUE ENV MATES Key Concepts  Basic ecological principles  Major components of ecosystems  Matter cycles and energy flow  Ecosystem studies  Ecological services

3. SPRAGUE ENV MATES The Nature of Ecology  Ecosystem organization  Organisms; any form of life  Populations Same species living in the same area  Populations Same species living in the same area  Communities  Population of all species in an area  Communities  Population of all species in an area  Ecosystems  Interaction of all abiotic and biotic in an area  Ecosystems  Interaction of all abiotic and biotic in an area  Biosphere zone where life is found Fig. 4-2 p. 66

4. SPRAGUE ENV MATES The Earth’s Life-Support Systems  Troposphere  Inner layer of Atmosphere  11 mile s most of the air  Troposphere  Inner layer of Atmosphere  11 mile s most of the air  Stratosphere  11-30 miles Ozone  Stratosphere  11-30 miles Ozone  Hydrosphere  Water surface ground  Hydrosphere  Water surface ground  Lithosphere  Crust upper mantle  Lithosphere  Crust upper mantle  Biosphere  Living environment  Biosphere  Living environment Fig. 4-6 p. 68

5. SPRAGUE ENV MATES Sustaining Life of Earth  One-way flow of energy  Low quality energy lost as heat  One-way flow of energy  Low quality energy lost as heat  Cycling of matter  Earth is fixed from space molecules, ions, atoms recycled  Cycling of matter  Earth is fixed from space molecules, ions, atoms recycled Fig. 4-7 p. 69

6. SPRAGUE ENV MATES The Source of Energy Fig. 4-8 p. 69 Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

7. SPRAGUE ENV MATES Ecosystem Concepts and Components  Biomes  Classified by climate  Biomes  Classified by climate Fig. 4-9 p. 70  Role of climate  Aquatic life zones  Freshwater  Saltwater  Aquatic life zones  Freshwater  Saltwater

8. SPRAGUE ENV MATES Ecosystem Boundaries: Ecotones Fig. 4-10 p. 71 Edge effect One Ecosystem merges with another

9. SPRAGUE ENV MATES Principles of Ecological Factors  Abiotic factors  Biotic factors  Law of tolerance  Range of tolerance of species  High tolerance to some low to others  Law of tolerance  Range of tolerance of species  High tolerance to some low to others  Limiting factors  Ex. Water  Limiting factors  Ex. Water Fig. 4-14 p. 73; Refer to Fig. 4-13 p. 73

10. SPRAGUE ENV MATES The Biotic Components of Ecosystems  Producers (autotrophs)  Photosynthesis  Consumers (heterotrophs)  Aerobic respiration  Decomposers Fig. 4-16 p. 75

11. SPRAGUE ENV MATES Trophic Levels  Primary consumer (herbivore)  Secondary consumer (carnivore)  Tertiary consumer  Omnivore  Detritivores and scavengers  Decomposers

12. SPRAGUE ENV MATES Biodiversity  Genetic diversity  Variety of genetic material within a population  Why is this important?  Genetic diversity  Variety of genetic material within a population  Why is this important?  Species diversity  Number of species present in a habitat  Species diversity  Number of species present in a habitat  Ecological diversity  Variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems  Ecological diversity  Variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems  Functional diversity  The energy flow and matter cycling  Functional diversity  The energy flow and matter cycling

13. SPRAGUE ENV MATES Connections: Food Webs and Energy Flow in Ecosystems Fig. 4-18 p. 77; Refer to Fig. 4-19 p. 78  Food chains  Food webs

14. SPRAGUE ENV MATES Ecological Pyramids  Pyramid of energy flow  Ecological efficiency  Pyramid of biomass  Pyramid of numbers Fig. 4-20 p. 79

15. SPRAGUE ENV MATES Primary Productivity of Ecosystems  Gross primary productivity (GPP)  Rate at which primary producers convert solar to biomass  Gross primary productivity (GPP)  Rate at which primary producers convert solar to biomass  Net primary productivity (NPP)  Stored energy minus the rate at which they use  Net primary productivity (NPP)  Stored energy minus the rate at which they use Fig. 4-25 p. 81

16. SPRAGUE ENV MATES Connections: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems  Biogeochemical cycles  Hydrologic cycle (H 2 O)  Atmospheric cycles (C, N)  Sedimentary cycles (P, S)

17. SPRAGUE ENV MATES Hydrologic (Water) Cycle Fig. 4-27 p. 83

18. SPRAGUE ENV MATES The Carbon Cycle (Terrestrial) Photosynthesis/ cellular Respiration Fig. 4-28 p. 84-85

19. SPRAGUE ENV MATES The Carbon Cycle (Aquatic) Fig. 4-28 p. 84-85

20. SPRAGUE ENV MATES The Nitrogen Cycle Fig. 4-29 p. 86

21. SPRAGUE ENV MATES The Phosphorus Cycle Sulfate salts Oceans Fig. 4-30 p. 88

22. SPRAGUE ENV MATES The Sulfur Cycle Fig. 4-31 p. 89 -Stored in salts buried under ocean -Enters Atmosphere Hydrogen Sulfide “What Smells?” -Algae produce Dimethyl Sulfide “Nuclei for Clouds” -Sulfur Dioxide to Sulfur Trioxide to Sulfuric Acid - Bacteria Anaerobic Sulfate to Sulfide and th cycle continues

23. SPRAGUE ENV MATES How Do Ecologists Learn About Ecosystems?  Field research  Remote sensing  Geographic information systems (GIS)  Laboratory research  Systems analysis

24. SPRAGUE ENV MATES GIS and Systems Analysis Fig. 4-33 p. 91 Fig. 4-32 p. 91

25. SPRAGUE ENV MATES Ecosystem Services and Sustainability Fig. 4-34 p. 92